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PHRASES AND CLAUSES
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A sentence needs a subject and predicate (the action of the subject)
Modifiers modify nouns and verbs Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
PHRASESGROUPS OF RELATED WORDS
TYPES OF PHRASES
Prepositional
Appositive
Absolute
Verbal
Infinitive
Gerund
Participle
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Preposition + object + modifiers
After school, we went to the football game.
APPOSITIVE PHRASES
Nouns that rename another noun.
It’s like saying “I’m positive this is so”
Examples:
My mother, a lovely woman, baked cupcakes for my birthday.
My mother is concerned about her horse, Chief.
ABSOLUTE PHRASES
Noun + participle + modifier
Modifies an entire sentence instead of just a word or phrase
Examples:
Legs quivering, our old dog Gizmo dreamed of chasing squirrels.
Her arms folded across her chest, Ms. Knox warned the class about the importance of homework.
VERBAL PHRASES
Verb forms not used as verbs
Retain many properties of verbs by taking objects, having subjects, or being modified by adverbs
Types
Infinitive
Gerund
Participle
INFINITIVE PHRASE
To + verb
Can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
Example:
To read these papers will take a long time.
I am ready to write the paper now.
GERUND PHRASE
-ing form of a verb
Used as a noun
Examples:
Walking is a healthy exercise.
Proper shoes are needed for comfortable walking.
GERUND
Walk ing
is healthy
PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Noun + participle
The participle (past, present, or perfect participle) is used as an adjective
Examples: The girl talking on the phone is Mary.
The report, accurately written, was approved by him.
PARTICIPLE
reportthe accurately
was approvedby him
INDEPENDENT/DEPENDENT CLAUSES
CLAUSE
A group of related words which contain a subject and a verb
A sentence is always a clause, but a clause is not always a sentence.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
Meets the qualifications of a clause
Makes sense
Example: She had not finished the paper and was sure to get a low grade.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Definition
Meets the qualifications of a clause
Does not make sense and is regarded as a fragment
Must be accompanied by an independent clause
Example: Because she had not finished the paper.
Types
Noun clause
Adjective clause
Adverbial clause
NOUN CLAUSE
Dependent clauses used like nouns
Example: That she had not finished the paper was the reason for her low grade.
I know what I will do today.
She wondered about what she will do next.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Used to point out or describe any noun or pronoun in the sentence
A relative pronoun always introduces an adjective clause Who, whom, whose, which, that
May be restrictive or nonrestrictive The car which is parked by the curb belongs to me.
The car, which is parked by the curb, belongs to me.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Used as adverbs
Introduced by subordinate conjunctions After, although, as, as if, because, before, if, since, so that, that, unless,
until, when, where, while
When it begins a sentence, it is set off by commas.
Example Because he was late, she was angry.
She was angry because he was late.
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