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PMHS Shoulder Stiffness Determined by Lateral and Oblique Impacts
S. Caupp1, Y. Kang PhD1, K. Moorhouse PhD2, B. Suntay3, R. Herriott3, J. Bolte IV PhD1
1The Ohio State University, 2National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Research Test Center, 3Transportation Research Center Inc.
o While side impacts are second in frequency for total motor vehicle crashes, side impacts have a higher mortality rate than other crash types1,2
o In the study of the side impact, it is important to consider both lateral and oblique loading conditions; the oblique vector may result in more injuries1
o The shoulder girdle is an important factor in determining the response of other parts of the body to lateral and oblique loading conditions2
o Past research has shown that the scapula may be responsible for absorbing impact energy2
o Study objectives include 1) comparing PMHS & adult volunteer quasi-static
(QS) data, 2) comparing PMHS quasi-static & dynamic data, and 3) comparing PMHS lateral & oblique dynamic data
o In the future, these datasets will aid in developing a more biofidelic
shoulder model for both adult and pediatric ATDs
1. Pintar, F., Maiman, D., Yoganandan, N. (2007). Occupant dynamics and injuries in narrow-object side impact. Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Lyons, France.
2. Subit, D., Duprey, S., Lau, S., Guillemot, H., Lessley, D., Kent, R. (2010). Response of the human torso to lateral and oblique constant-velocity impacts. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, 54: 27-40.
3. Suntay, B., Moorhouse, K., Bolte IV, J. (2011). Characterization of the pediatric shoulder’s resistance to lateral loading conditions. Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Washington, D.C.
4. Bolte IV, J., Hines, M., Herriott, R., McFadden, J., Donnelly, B. (2003). Shoulder impact response and injury due to lateral and oblique loading. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 47: 35-53.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Quasi-static testing
Modeled after a previous QS adult volunteer study3
REFERENCES
John Borstad, PhD, OSU The students and staff of the IBRC
Dynamic – Lateral Loading Condition
Dynamic – Oblique Loading Condition QS – Oblique Loading Condition
Dynamic – Lateral vs. Oblique Impacts
o This study is ongoing; one more PMHS will be tested and dynamic data will be normalized to the 50th percentile male
o Limitations: small sample size (QS: n = 2; dynamic: n = 4), QS DAQ metal sensitivity, inaccurate method of measuring the QS lateral vector, non-normalized dynamic data
o QS data indicates a similar response of the PMHS and adult volunteer shoulder in the oblique loading condition (as compared to the volunteer’s relaxed muscle state)
o The oblique vector in both QS and dynamic testing exhibited a lower force, higher displacement, and lower stiffness in the X-component compared to the Y-component
o At at an impact speed of 4.5 m/s, it is difficult to make a correlation between the lateral and oblique impact vector according to injury patterns
SPONSOR
METHODS
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Dynamic testing
Modeled after a previous dynamic PMHS study4
Test K (N/mm) 1301 132.0 1302 97.5 1401 90.5 1402 219.0
Average 135 ± 59
Test KX (N/mm) KY (N/mm) 1401 2.1 9.5 1402 1.0 11.2
Average 1.5 ± 0.8 10.3 ± 1.2 Previous Study3 1.6 7.0
• Current FD curves fit the target corridors from the
previous study4
Dynamic – Oblique Loading Condition (continued)
Figure 3: QS oblique (X- and Y-components) full girdle FD curves for Test 1401, 4 trials
Table 1: QS Oblique Full Girdle Stiffness (K) Values
Table 2: Dynamic Lateral Full Girdle Stiffness Values
Figure 4: Dynamic lateral full girdle force-displacement curves
Figure 6: Dynamic oblique full girdle displacement (X- and Y-components) vs. time curves
Figure 5: Dynamic oblique force (X- and Y-components) vs. time curves
Impact Shoulder Joints Bones Test Lateral Oblique SC AC Ribs Scapula
1301 R. L. L./R. laxity -NA- -NA- -NA-
1302 L. R. L. laxity L. laxity L6/R7 fx L. coracoid
fx
1401 R. L. L./R. laxity -NA- R2/R3
fx -NA-
1402 L. R. L. laxity -NA- -NA- -NA-
Table 3: Injuries from Dynamic Testing
*R. = right; L. = left
−5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45−500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500Dynamic Lateral: Full Girdle FD [Y Component]
Displacement [mm]
For
ce [N
]
1301130214011402
Figure 1: Quasi-static test set-up Figure 2: Dynamic test set-up
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000Dynamic Oblique: Force [Y Component]
Time [ms]
Forc
e [N
]
1301OSH45L011302OSH45R011401OSH45L021402OSH45R02
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000Dynamic Oblique: Force [X Component]
Time [ms]
Forc
e [N
]
1301OSH45L011302OSH45R011401OSH45L021402OSH45R02
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
50
100
150
200
Dynamic Oblique: Full Girdle Displacement [X Component]
Time [ms]
Dis
plac
emen
t [m
m]
1301OSH45L011302OSH45R011401OSH45L021402OSH45R02
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
50
100
150
200
Dynamic Oblique: Full Girdle Displacement [Y Component]
Time [ms]
Dis
plac
emen
t [m
m]
1301OSH45L011302OSH45R011401OSH45L021402OSH45R02
53%
A) %B)
C) %D) %
Figure%18:%QuasiRstatic%oblique%force%vs.%displacement%curves%for%A)%subject%1401%in%
the%XRcomponent%forceRdisplacement%vector,%B)%subject%1401%in%the%YRcomponent%
forceRdisplacement%vector,%C)%subject%1402%in%the%XRcomponent%forceRdisplacement%
vector,%D)%subject%1402%in%the%YRcomponent%forceRdisplacement%vector%
%%
%
All%stiffness%values%are%reported%with%respect%to%the%full%girdle%deflection%
(measure%of%the%displacement%between%the%right%and%left%acromion)%in%the%XR%and%YR
components%based%off%the%FD%curves%for%each%test.%These%values%are%reported%in%
Table%3.%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
50
100
1501401QS: Full Girdle FD Plot [X Component]
Displacement [mm]
Forc
e [N
]
Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 5
53%
A) %B)
C) %D) %
Figure%18:%QuasiRstatic%oblique%force%vs.%displacement%curves%for%A)%subject%1401%in%
the%XRcomponent%forceRdisplacement%vector,%B)%subject%1401%in%the%YRcomponent%
forceRdisplacement%vector,%C)%subject%1402%in%the%XRcomponent%forceRdisplacement%
vector,%D)%subject%1402%in%the%YRcomponent%forceRdisplacement%vector%
%%
%
All%stiffness%values%are%reported%with%respect%to%the%full%girdle%deflection%
(measure%of%the%displacement%between%the%right%and%left%acromion)%in%the%XR%and%YR
components%based%off%the%FD%curves%for%each%test.%These%values%are%reported%in%
Table%3.%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
50
100
1501401QS: Full Girdle FD Plot [Y Component]
Displacement [mm]
Forc
e [N
]
Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 5
• KY > KX due to the anatomical structure of the
clavicle and the scapulothoracic joint
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