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PORCINE PREGNANCY PORCINE PREGNANCY AND PARTURITIONAND PARTURITION
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
OvumOvum 8-10 h8-10 h SpermSperm 34-72 h34-72 h
2-cell2-cell 0.6-0.8 d0.6-0.8 d 4-cell4-cell 1 d1 d
uteuterus rus (46-48 (46-48 h) h)
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
8-cell8-cell 2.5 d2.5 d
BlastocystBlastocyst 5-6 d5-6 d
HatchingHatching 6 d6 d
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
Intrauterine migration andIntrauterine migration and
equidistant spacingequidistant spacing 9-12 d 9-12 d
Blastocyst elongationBlastocyst elongation 11-15 d11-15 d
Estrogen production Estrogen production 10.5-12 d10.5-12 d
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
Endocrine direction: luteolysisEndocrine direction: luteolysis 12-12-16 d16 d
Exocrine direction: CL graviditatisExocrine direction: CL graviditatis
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
At least 2 conceptuses / uterine At least 2 conceptuses / uterine hornhorn
Initial placentationInitial placentation 13 d 13 d Invasive properties: Invasive properties: – ectopic site proteolytic enzymeectopic site proteolytic enzyme– protease inhibitorsprotease inhibitors
FilamentsFilaments
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
Epitheliochorial, diffuse placentaEpitheliochorial, diffuse placenta
Completed placentationCompleted placentation
(Superficial, noninvasive)(Superficial, noninvasive) 18-24 18-24 dd
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
SECOND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION SECOND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION – 16-30 D16-30 D
Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation
BIRTHBIRTH Days Days 114-116 (112-115) 114-116 (112-115)
Dilatation of cervix:Dilatation of cervix: 2-12 h2-12 h Expulsion of fetusesExpulsion of fetuses 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0
hh Expulsion of placentasExpulsion of placentas 1-4 h1-4 h Modest follicular developmentModest follicular development 7-10 d 7-10 d
after farrowingafter farrowing
WeaningWeaning
abrupt follicular growth: abrupt follicular growth: – estrus within 3-7 destrus within 3-7 d
Induction of abortInduction of abortionion
D 12 - farrowing: D 12 - farrowing: – PGF2aPGF2a
PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
Returns to serviceReturns to service 18-24 d18-24 d
PregnancyPregnancy: : 75-95 % 75-95 % – anestrus, CLP, EManestrus, CLP, EM
Non-pregnancyNon-pregnancy: : 95-100 % 95-100 % - e- estrus during strus during pregnancy pregnancy (superfetacio) (superfetacio)
PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
Manual palpationManual palpation Criteria:Criteria:
– fremitus, fremitus, – size and position of the middle uterine size and position of the middle uterine
artery,artery,– tone and tension of cervix, tone and tension of cervix, – size, weight contents of the uterus size, weight contents of the uterus – corpora luteacorpora lutea
PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
Manual palpationManual palpation
Shaft of the ilShaft of the iliium: external iliac arteryum: external iliac artery
middle uterine middle uterine arteryartery
Pregnancy: Pregnancy: – 28-30 D 90-100 %28-30 D 90-100 %
PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
Vaginal biopsyVaginal biopsy: 18-19 D: 18-19 D
Pregnancy: Pregnancy: 90-100 %90-100 %
Non-pregnancy: 80-95 %Non-pregnancy: 80-95 %
Chemical methods of pregnancy Chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosisdiagnosis
Plasma estrone sulfate assayPlasma estrone sulfate assay: 25-: 25-30 D30 D
– Pregnancy: > 97 %Pregnancy: > 97 %
– Non-pregnancy: > 88 %Non-pregnancy: > 88 %
Chemical methods of Chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosispregnancy diagnosis
Plasma progesterone assayPlasma progesterone assay: : – 17-20 D> 5 ng/ml17-20 D> 5 ng/ml
False positive diagnosis: 15-20 %False positive diagnosis: 15-20 %
False-negative diagnosis: 1 %False-negative diagnosis: 1 %
Chemical methods of Chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosispregnancy diagnosis
Blood prostaglandin assayBlood prostaglandin assay: : – 11-16 D11-16 D
UltrasonographyUltrasonography
A-mode: 30-50 DA-mode: 30-50 D
Pregnancy: 75-95 %Pregnancy: 75-95 %
Non-pregnancy: 50-95 %Non-pregnancy: 50-95 %
Doppler technique: Doppler technique: from 30 Dfrom 30 D
Pregnancy: 85-95 %Pregnancy: 85-95 %
Non-pregnancy: 60-95 %Non-pregnancy: 60-95 %
B-modeB-mode ultrasonography ultrasonography from 18 Dfrom 18 D
Pregnancy: 95-100 %Pregnancy: 95-100 %
Non-pregnancy: 75-100 %Non-pregnancy: 75-100 %
Sensitivity (%)Sensitivity (%)
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0
20
40
60
80
100
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)
C+/C+ + I-
Specificity (%)Specificity (%)
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0
20
40
60
80
100
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)
C- /C- + I+
Positive predictive value Positive predictive value (%)(%)
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0
20
40
60
80
100
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)
C+ /C+ + I+
Negative predictive value Negative predictive value (%)(%)
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0
20
40
60
80
100
19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)
C- /C- + I-
Sensitivity (%)Sensitivity (%)
24-32(T 85)
24 (M85)
22-30(M88)
23-30(S 92)
23-28(Mart.92)
90
92
94
96
98
100
24-32(T 85)
24 (M85)
22-30(M88)
23-30(S 92)
23-28(Mart.92)
Specificity (%)Specificity (%)
24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92) 23-28 (Mar. 92)0
20
40
60
80
100
24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92) 23-28 (Mar. 92)
Positive predictive value Positive predictive value (%)(%)
24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)90
92
94
96
98
100
24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)
Negative predictive value Negative predictive value (%)(%)
24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)90
92
94
96
98
100
24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)
Abortion: ParvoAbortion: Parvo
Roberts, 1976
Abortion: Abortion: LeptospirosisLeptospirosis
McEntee, 1973
Prolapsus vaginaeProlapsus vaginae
Utrecht, 1976
Vaginal prolapseVaginal prolapse
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
First stageFirst stage: : vulval lips swelling and is slightly vulval lips swelling and is slightly
reddenedreddened
udder enlarges: < 2-3 d:some udder enlarges: < 2-3 d:some secretion< 24 h milksecretion< 24 h milk
Behavioural changes: last 24 hBehavioural changes: last 24 h
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
First stageFirst stage: : increased alertness, increased alertness, →→ restlessness restlessness
with position changeswith position changes
nest building < 12 hnest building < 12 h
frequent urination, defecationfrequent urination, defecation
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
First stageFirst stage: : relative quiescence: 1-2 hrelative quiescence: 1-2 h
Discharge: Blood or meconium stained Discharge: Blood or meconium stained fluid: < 2 hfluid: < 2 h
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
Second stage: 3-4 hSecond stage: 3-4 h interval between fetuses: 10-15 minterval between fetuses: 10-15 m
posterior presentation: 25-45 %posterior presentation: 25-45 %
order of delivery: preceding litter-mateorder of delivery: preceding litter-mate
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
Second stage: 3-4 hSecond stage: 3-4 h Piglets attempt to stand in 1-2 m of Piglets attempt to stand in 1-2 m of
birth and move craniad on the sow,birth and move craniad on the sow,
at any protuberance until they at any protuberance until they encounter a teat sucking encounter a teat sucking
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
Third stage:Third stage: Expulsion of placentas: 1-4 hExpulsion of placentas: 1-4 h
Retained placenta is not commonRetained placenta is not common
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
Mortality during deliveryMortality during delivery: 20-25 : 20-25 % before weaning% before weaning
Prepartum death: randomlyPrepartum death: randomly
Intrapartum death: 20 % of Intrapartum death: 20 % of preweaning mortalitypreweaning mortality
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
last third of the litterlast third of the litter: 70-80 %: 70-80 % severe respiratory-metabolic severe respiratory-metabolic
acidosis: deep fetal gasps: acidosis: deep fetal gasps: meconium - or blood-stained fluid: meconium - or blood-stained fluid: 85 %85 %
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
last third of the litterlast third of the litter: 70-80 %: 70-80 % increased tension and rupture of increased tension and rupture of
umbilical cord during the latter umbilical cord during the latter stages of deliverystages of delivery
PARTURITIONPARTURITION
premature placental separation: premature placental separation: common late in farrowingcommon late in farrowing
or reduced oxygen carrying capacity or reduced oxygen carrying capacity (as in iron-deficiency anemia)(as in iron-deficiency anemia)
less viability: less activity (trauma less viability: less activity (trauma and chilling), less competitive in and chilling), less competitive in nursingnursing
INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN SWINESWINE
REASONS FOR INDUCTIONREASONS FOR INDUCTION ManagementManagement Cross fosteringCross fostering Age differential can be reducedAge differential can be reduced Sow productivity Sow productivity MMA MMA
INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN SWINESWINE
Procedura for inductionProcedura for induction:: PGF2a (10 mg) or analogs PGF2a (10 mg) or analogs
Cloprostenol: 175 Cloprostenol: 175 g, alphaprostol: 1, g, alphaprostol: 1, 2 or 3 mg)2 or 3 mg)
on Day 112 or later: 24-30 h (milk: on Day 112 or later: 24-30 h (milk: within 2-6 h)within 2-6 h)
INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN SWINESWINE
20-24 h: oxytocin 30 IU (decrease 20-24 h: oxytocin 30 IU (decrease variability in the interval)variability in the interval)
Glucocorticoids: repeated treatment, Glucocorticoids: repeated treatment, not well synchronized farrowingnot well synchronized farrowing
Duration: 4 hDuration: 4 h
MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FARROWING AND FARROWING AND LACTATING SOWLACTATING SOW
Predicting parturitionPredicting parturition:: see see farrowingfarrowing
Farrowing: 30 m to 10 h: mean Farrowing: 30 m to 10 h: mean 2.5 h2.5 h
Nursing within 45 mNursing within 45 m Obstetric problem: < 1 %Obstetric problem: < 1 %
MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FARROWING AND FARROWING AND LACTATING SOWLACTATING SOW
Maternal faultsMaternal faults:: primary uterine inertiaprimary uterine inertia: :
contractions fail to begin contractions fail to begin (hormone imbalance, nutrition, (hormone imbalance, nutrition, environment, disease)environment, disease)
MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FARROWING AND FARROWING AND LACTATING SOWLACTATING SOW
secondary uterine inertia: secondary uterine inertia: uterus uterus ceases contracting during a long ceases contracting during a long and exhausting laborand exhausting labor– malpresentation, large piglets, large malpresentation, large piglets, large
litterlitter
MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FARROWING AND FARROWING AND LACTATING SOWLACTATING SOW
TreatmentTreatment vaginal examinationvaginal examination: :
– looking for obstruction (hematoma, looking for obstruction (hematoma, distended bladder, constipation, distended bladder, constipation, excessive fat, swelling and edema of excessive fat, swelling and edema of soft tissues, previous pelvic soft tissues, previous pelvic fractures, immature pelvis, fractures, immature pelvis, persistent hymen) persistent hymen)
VulvaVulva
Utrecht, 1976
Vulva oedemaVulva oedema
UtrechtUtrecht
Utrecht, 1976
Cervical-vaginal Cervical-vaginal prolapseprolapse
Utrecht, 1976
Prolapsus uteriProlapsus uteri
Utrecht, 1976
MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FARROWING AND FARROWING AND LACTATING SOWLACTATING SOW
TreatmentTreatment oxytocin treatment oxytocin treatment
manual removal or caesarean manual removal or caesarean sectionsection
MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FARROWING AND FARROWING AND LACTATING SOWLACTATING SOW
Fetal faults:Fetal faults:
oversized fetus, malpresentation, oversized fetus, malpresentation, malformationmalformation
assistanceassistance
LACTATIONLACTATION
adequate colostrum intakeadequate colostrum intake adequate nutritionadequate nutrition Mammary gland: 14-16 functional Mammary gland: 14-16 functional
teats (blind, inverted teats must teats (blind, inverted teats must be avoided)be avoided)
Nursing every hour / 24 hNursing every hour / 24 h
LACTATIONLACTATION
Few minutes, abundant milk flow:Few minutes, abundant milk flow: about 20sabout 20s
Teat order: Fierce competition Teat order: Fierce competition
Crossfostering: within 3 d (better Crossfostering: within 3 d (better 5-6 h after farrowing)5-6 h after farrowing)
LACTATIONLACTATION
Milk supply: 3-week litter weight= Milk supply: 3-week litter weight= sow’s milk yieldsow’s milk yield
Farrowing quarters: animal Farrowing quarters: animal hygienehygiene
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Iron deficiencyIron deficiency: : – anemia, slow growth rate, reduced anemia, slow growth rate, reduced
disease resistancedisease resistance– small iron reserve: 50 mgsmall iron reserve: 50 mg– Milk: little ironMilk: little iron– Rapid growth: high iron Rapid growth: high iron
requirements: 7 mg/ drequirements: 7 mg/ d
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Iron deficiencyIron deficiency: : TreatmentTreatment: im. 150 mg iron : im. 150 mg iron
dextrandextran Low birth weight: inadequate Low birth weight: inadequate
nutritionnutrition
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Environmental temperatureEnvironmental temperature:: 21-27 C: no subcutaneous fat (1-2 21-27 C: no subcutaneous fat (1-2
% structural fat), no brown fat% structural fat), no brown fat
low capacity for fatty acid low capacity for fatty acid synthesis. 1-2 D synthesis. 1-2 D
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Environmental temperatureEnvironmental temperature:: no hairno hair
relatively large glycogen depositsrelatively large glycogen deposits
limited capacity for limited capacity for gluconeogenesisgluconeogenesis
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
HHypoglycemiaypoglycemia: within 15-20 h: within 15-20 h limited ability to regulate body limited ability to regulate body
temperaturetemperature 39 C39 C→→ 37 C 37 C →→ eating eating →→ elevation elevation
within 1-2 hwithin 1-2 h critical temperature: 35 Ccritical temperature: 35 C
– 25 C after 1 week25 C after 1 week
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Immunity:Immunity: Cold: reduce teat-seeking Cold: reduce teat-seeking
behaviour, nursing vigour, behaviour, nursing vigour, suckling timesuckling time
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Behaviour: Behaviour: Heavier or less stressed: more Heavier or less stressed: more
vigorous and more successful in vigorous and more successful in competitioncompetition
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Carbon monoxide: 200 ppm: Carbon monoxide: 200 ppm: diminished vigour, dyingdiminished vigour, dying
Crossfostering: uniform number Crossfostering: uniform number of pigs, uniform body weights of of pigs, uniform body weights of pigspigs
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
Artificial rearingArtificial rearing
Clean and warm environmentClean and warm environment
Day-one processingDay-one processing
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
umbilical cord: 5 cm umbilical cord: 5 cm – dipping in a disinfecting solutiondipping in a disinfecting solution
needle teeth: should be needle teeth: should be trimmed /cutting pliers/trimmed /cutting pliers/
CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET
tail should be docked (2 cm)tail should be docked (2 cm)
identification: appropriate identification: appropriate notching of the ears notching of the ears
castration: before 2 w castration: before 2 w
STILLBORN ANTEPARTUMSTILLBORN ANTEPARTUM
non-infectious cause: 70-75 %non-infectious cause: 70-75 % born in the fetal membraneborn in the fetal membrane
born with ruptured umbilical born with ruptured umbilical cordcord
Stillborn intrapartumStillborn intrapartum
asphyxiaasphyxia
born alive: only with beating born alive: only with beating heart: 70 %heart: 70 %
Stillborn intrapartumStillborn intrapartum
born with ruptured umbilical cordborn with ruptured umbilical cord
premature loosening of the fetal premature loosening of the fetal membranesmembranes
low viabilitylow viability
Mortality after parturitionMortality after parturition
Starved and weak/undersized Starved and weak/undersized (weak) pigs(weak) pigs
normal-sized pigs: not enough normal-sized pigs: not enough milkmilk
PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PIGSPIGS
weak pigs: small size. < 900 gweak pigs: small size. < 900 g
low viability: > 20 m first sucklinglow viability: > 20 m first suckling
can not sucklecan not suckle
PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PIGSPIGS
locomotor disorders: difficulty in locomotor disorders: difficulty in orientationorientation
weak and undersized pigs:weak and undersized pigs:
hypoglycemia, trauma, or hypoglycemia, trauma, or infections infections
Splayleg and splayleg and Splayleg and splayleg and weak (Splayweak) pigsweak (Splayweak) pigs
temporary functional disorder: temporary functional disorder: reduced ability to adduct the reduced ability to adduct the limbslimbs
congenital hereditary diseasecongenital hereditary disease (boar: 0,8-11.7 %)(boar: 0,8-11.7 %)
Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after birthbirth
only the hind legs: hind legs only the hind legs: hind legs extend to sidewaysextend to sideways
normal pigsnormal pigs
Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after birthbirth
most severe within the first 24-36 most severe within the first 24-36 hh
mortality: 1.9 %mortality: 1.9 %
morbidity: 6.3 %morbidity: 6.3 %
TreatmentTreatment
taping the hind legs: recovertaping the hind legs: recover
– death: 48-72 h : trauma, starvationdeath: 48-72 h : trauma, starvation
Splayweak pigsSplayweak pigs
forelegs and hindlegsforelegs and hindlegs
990 % die, < 48 h: 0 % die, < 48 h: – starvation 1.4 % of herd mortalitystarvation 1.4 % of herd mortality
PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PIGSPIGS
Traumatised (trauma) pigs < 36-Traumatised (trauma) pigs < 36-48 h48 h
Umbilical cord bleeding 0.1-2 %Umbilical cord bleeding 0.1-2 %– wood shavings ?wood shavings ?
LACTATIONAL INSUFFIENCYLACTATIONAL INSUFFIENCY
COLIFORM MASTATISCOLIFORM MASTATIS PERIPARTURIENT HYPOGALACTIC PERIPARTURIENT HYPOGALACTIC
SYNDROMESYNDROME AGALACTIA TOXEMIAAGALACTIA TOXEMIA PUERPERAL METRITISPUERPERAL METRITIS DYSGALACTIADYSGALACTIA MMA SYNDROMEMMA SYNDROME PUERPERAL TOXEMIAPUERPERAL TOXEMIA
I. CLINICAL I. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION Inability to produce enough milk: Inability to produce enough milk:
within 1-3 days, seldom also after D 3within 1-3 days, seldom also after D 3 50 % insufficient milk production 50 % insufficient milk production
within 24 hrs /incidence: 20-23,3 %/within 24 hrs /incidence: 20-23,3 %/ Milk ejection: absent or of brief Milk ejection: absent or of brief
duration: trauma of the nipples duration: trauma of the nipples /Normal: milk ejection: /Normal: milk ejection: 30 sec, 30 sec,
duration: duration: 30 sec/ 30 sec/
I. CLINICAL I. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION Sternal recumbancy, not Sternal recumbancy, not
permitting to nursepermitting to nurse First clinical sign of PHS: change in First clinical sign of PHS: change in
nursing behaviournursing behaviour Milking activity decreases: crushed Milking activity decreases: crushed
piglets piglets Increase in rectal temperature Increase in rectal temperature
(1-1.5 (1-1.5 ooC C 50 %/ 50 %/
I. CLINICAL I. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION Metritis: seldomMetritis: seldom Urinary tract infection: commonUrinary tract infection: common Mammary gland oedemaMammary gland oedema Mammary gland: normal, mastitisMammary gland: normal, mastitis Milk: normal abnormal: serous, Milk: normal abnormal: serous,
creamy, or fibrin, bloodcreamy, or fibrin, blood Anorexia, obstipatio,Anorexia, obstipatio, depressiondepression
Rectal temperatureRectal temperature
38,238,438,638,8
3939,239,4
39,639,8
4040,2
PHS Normal
Clinical signsClinical signs
0
10
2030
40
50
6070
80
90
100
Mastitis Discharge Standing
Clinical signsClinical signs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Apathia Depressio
Clinical signsClinical signs
0
5
1015
20
25
3035
40
45
50
No eating No drinking Constipatio
PERIPARTURIENT PERIPARTURIENT HYPOGALACTIC SYNDROMEHYPOGALACTIC SYNDROME
ETIOLOGY:ETIOLOGY:– More than 30 different aetiologiesMore than 30 different aetiologies
NON-INFECTIOUSNON-INFECTIOUS INFECTIOUSINFECTIOUS MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT NUTRITIONNUTRITION
1. NON-INFECTIOUS:1. NON-INFECTIOUS:
Teat malformation: inverted nipplesTeat malformation: inverted nipples Ergot toxicity /Claviceps purpurea/: Ergot toxicity /Claviceps purpurea/:
prolactin prolactin Psychogenic agalactia: mild Psychogenic agalactia: mild
tranquilizer /chlorpromazin/tranquilizer /chlorpromazin/ Failure of milk ejection: oxytocin /5 NE/Failure of milk ejection: oxytocin /5 NE/ Mammary gland oedema: antidiuretic, Mammary gland oedema: antidiuretic,
or PGF2a/or PGF2a/
1. NON-INFECTIOUS:1. NON-INFECTIOUS:
Miscellaneous: Miscellaneous: – Ketosis: 2-3 weeks after farrowing, Ketosis: 2-3 weeks after farrowing,
anorexia, hypoglycemia, general anorexia, hypoglycemia, general weakness, weight loss, ketonemiaweakness, weight loss, ketonemia
– Hypocalcemia: restlessness, Hypocalcemia: restlessness, incoordination, reluctant to rise, incoordination, reluctant to rise, rarely comararely coma
– Overheating: milk production Overheating: milk production , , injuries: localised burninginjuries: localised burning
2. INFECTIOUS2. INFECTIOUS
COLIFORM MASTITISCOLIFORM MASTITIS
URINARY TRACT INFECTION /UTI/URINARY TRACT INFECTION /UTI/
VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMAVIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA
2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS
MILK FEVERMILK FEVER FARROWING FEVERFARROWING FEVER LACTATIONAL FAILURELACTATIONAL FAILURE HYPOGALACTIA HYPOGALACTIA AGALACTIAAGALACTIA
2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS
MMA SYNDROMEMMA SYNDROME AGALACTIA TOXEMIA AGALACTIA TOXEMIA PUERPERAL MASTITISPUERPERAL MASTITIS PUERPERAL TOXEMIAPUERPERAL TOXEMIA
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS Intramammary infusion of endotoxin: Intramammary infusion of endotoxin:
agalactiaagalactia plasma prolactin level plasma prolactin level rectal temperature: elevatedrectal temperature: elevated Puerperal metritis: toxemia /?/Puerperal metritis: toxemia /?/ (Experiment: no agalactia, no clinical (Experiment: no agalactia, no clinical
signs)signs) Gastrointestinal disorders: toxemia /?/Gastrointestinal disorders: toxemia /?/
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
INSIDENCEINSIDENCE agalactia pp: 0,5 - 50 %, average: agalactia pp: 0,5 - 50 %, average:
12,8 %12,8 % inadequate milk production: inadequate milk production: 50 50
% coliform mastitis% coliform mastitis piglets suffer more than the piglets suffer more than the
affected dam: 55,8 % MMA, 17,2 affected dam: 55,8 % MMA, 17,2 %: normal%: normal
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY Gram -: E. coli, Klebsiella, Gram -: E. coli, Klebsiella,
Enterobacter, CitrobacterEnterobacter, Citrobacter LPS endotoxin: immune, LPS endotoxin: immune,
cardiovascular and endocrine system: cardiovascular and endocrine system: PHSPHS
Half life of LPS: less than 10 minHalf life of LPS: less than 10 min Seldom: Gram Seldom: Gram : Streptococcus, : Streptococcus,
StaphylococcusStaphylococcus
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
CLINICAL FINDINGS:CLINICAL FINDINGS: D 1-2, seldom: D 3, / also D 0/D 1-2, seldom: D 3, / also D 0/
Not more than 2-3 daysNot more than 2-3 days
temperature: moderately elevated temperature: moderately elevated /seldom: above: 42 C//seldom: above: 42 C/
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
CLINICAL FINDINGS:CLINICAL FINDINGS: Listlessness, weakness, lost of interest Listlessness, weakness, lost of interest
in the piglets, sternal recumbancyin the piglets, sternal recumbancy
Severe case: stiff, dizzy, do not stand Severe case: stiff, dizzy, do not stand up, coma: deathup, coma: death
Feed and water consumption: reduced Feed and water consumption: reduced or absentor absent
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS CLINICAL FINDINGS:CLINICAL FINDINGS: HR, RPR: elevatedHR, RPR: elevated
Nursing behaviourNursing behaviour
Mammary gland: reddened, pain, firm, Mammary gland: reddened, pain, firm, swollen, serous to creamy milkswollen, serous to creamy milk
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Any hypogalactia arouses suspicion Any hypogalactia arouses suspicion
of CMof CM /Fever, anorexia, reluctance to stand /Fever, anorexia, reluctance to stand
up, lying on the gland, disinterest in up, lying on the gland, disinterest in the piglets/the piglets/
Severe case: reddened, swollen, firm Severe case: reddened, swollen, firm mammary gland, abnormal secretionmammary gland, abnormal secretion
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
TREATMENTTREATMENT Treatment with antibiotics: Treatment with antibiotics:
ampicillin, neomycin, gentamycin, ampicillin, neomycin, gentamycin, enrofloxacinenrofloxacin
Glucocorticoid: 50-100 mg Glucocorticoid: 50-100 mg prednisolon: sign. decrease in prednisolon: sign. decrease in piglet losspiglet loss
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
TREATMENTTREATMENT OxytocinOxytocin
Crossfostering, artificial feeding: Crossfostering, artificial feeding: 5 % glucose inj. i.p. /15 ml/, 20 % 5 % glucose inj. i.p. /15 ml/, 20 % intragastralis glucoseintragastralis glucose
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
PREVENTIONPREVENTION General hygieneGeneral hygiene
Nutrition of the sow: instead of 3.2 kg Nutrition of the sow: instead of 3.2 kg only 1 kg food: less faeces, urine / 26 only 1 kg food: less faeces, urine / 26 %% →→14.4 %/14.4 %/
Immunoprofilaxis: E. coli vaccine: poor Immunoprofilaxis: E. coli vaccine: poor protectionprotection
2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS
PREVENTIONPREVENTION Prolong gestation: PGF2aProlong gestation: PGF2a
Chemoprophylaxis /antibiotics/: with Chemoprophylaxis /antibiotics/: with small amount of food, individual feedingsmall amount of food, individual feeding
/ 0,4 g trimetroprin, 1 g sulfadimidin, 1 / 0,4 g trimetroprin, 1 g sulfadimidin, 1 g sulphathiasol/ 150 body weight, 2 g sulphathiasol/ 150 body weight, 2 x/day, from D 112: 4 days:/30 %x/day, from D 112: 4 days:/30 % → → 12 %/12 %/
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
10-50 % of pregnant sows with 10-50 % of pregnant sows with puerperal disease have sign. bacteruriapuerperal disease have sign. bacteruria
Mainly E. coli and enterococci are Mainly E. coli and enterococci are involvedinvolved
Bacteriuria, albuminuria:Bacteriuria, albuminuria:→→ PHS: PHS: positive correlation /positive correlation /,,:97 % :97 % probability, -,-: 76 % not/probability, -,-: 76 % not/
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
Endotoxemia: UTI potential source /?/Endotoxemia: UTI potential source /?/
Low water consumption, fat sow Low water consumption, fat sow syndrome:syndrome: → → UTI /close correlation/UTI /close correlation/
UTIUTI → → PHS: not clearPHS: not clear
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY Ascending bacterial infection, adults: Ascending bacterial infection, adults:
Eubacterium /Corynebacterium/ suisEubacterium /Corynebacterium/ suis
Other pathogens: A. pyogenes, E. coli, Other pathogens: A. pyogenes, E. coli, Streptococci, Staphylococci: Streptococci, Staphylococci: pyelonephritispyelonephritis
LeptospiraeLeptospirae
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY Systemic infections: Streptococci, Systemic infections: Streptococci,
Salmonella,Salmonella,
Erysipelas, Virus: chronic HC, ASF: Erysipelas, Virus: chronic HC, ASF: glomerulonephritisglomerulonephritis
Urothiliasis: pyelonephritisUrothiliasis: pyelonephritis
TumourTumour
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
PREDISPOSE FACTORS: PREDISPOSE FACTORS: /E. suis//E. suis/ /Gram /Gram , non-spore forming, obligatory , non-spore forming, obligatory
anaerobe bacteria, growth well on blood anaerobe bacteria, growth well on blood agar under anaerobic conditions, but agar under anaerobic conditions, but also aerobic circumstances, as well/also aerobic circumstances, as well/
/Corynebacterium/ Actinomyces: /Corynebacterium/ Actinomyces: features similar/features similar/
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
PREDISPOSE FACTORS: PREDISPOSE FACTORS: /E. suis//E. suis/ Trauma: coitus, farrowingTrauma: coitus, farrowing
Reduced water intake /4-40 L, mean 17 Reduced water intake /4-40 L, mean 17 L/: L/:
Infrequent micturation /failure to Infrequent micturation /failure to empty/empty/
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
PREDISPOSE FACTORS: PREDISPOSE FACTORS: /E. suis//E. suis/ High urinary pH, change in composition High urinary pH, change in composition
of urineof urine
Restricted movementRestricted movement
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
INCIDENSEINCIDENSE Transmission during mating: Transmission during mating:
vestibulumvestibulum → → urethraurethra 3-4 days after mating: clinical sign: 3-4 days after mating: clinical sign:
cystitiscystitis At any time within two weeks after At any time within two weeks after
AI.AI. After farrowing /?/After farrowing /?/
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
CLINICAL SIGNSCLINICAL SIGNS Mild case: appetite, thirst, health Mild case: appetite, thirst, health
status: normal, some purulent status: normal, some purulent discharge, hematuriadischarge, hematuria
Severe case: inappetence, excessive Severe case: inappetence, excessive thirst, polyuria, pyuria, hematuria, thirst, polyuria, pyuria, hematuria, rapid loss of body weight, afebrilerapid loss of body weight, afebrile
Death /acute renal failure/Death /acute renal failure/
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Most reliable diagnostic sign: Most reliable diagnostic sign:
frequently bloodstained, turbid urinefrequently bloodstained, turbid urine E. suis: blood agar 37 C anaerobic E. suis: blood agar 37 C anaerobic
condition: 3-4 dayscondition: 3-4 days Normocytic, normochromic anaemiaNormocytic, normochromic anaemia
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS NeutrophiliaNeutrophilia UraemiaUraemia HypercreatinaemiaHypercreatinaemia a,b globulinsa,b globulins, albumin, globulin , albumin, globulin
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
TREATMENTTREATMENT Acute UTI:
– Immediately, i.m.Immediately, i.m.– broad spectrum antibiotics with high broad spectrum antibiotics with high
urinary concentrations to prevent urinary concentrations to prevent death within 24 hdeath within 24 h
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
TREATMENTTREATMENT Chronic UTI (>15% infected herd):
– Which sow, when and howWhich sow, when and how Vulvar discharge (especially white) at the Vulvar discharge (especially white) at the
end of micturationend of micturation Regular return to heatsRegular return to heats Urinary analysis: nitritsUrinary analysis: nitrits Bacteriological counting: > Bacteriological counting: > 101044 E-coli/ml E-coli/ml
(suspicious)(suspicious)
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract InfectionUrinary Tract Infection /U /UTITI//
When:When:– Whole herd during pregnancyWhole herd during pregnancy– Batch per batch before and after Batch per batch before and after
farrowing (4 days before, 4 days farrowing (4 days before, 4 days after)after)
– Before and after mating to prevent Before and after mating to prevent infertilityinfertility
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract InfectionUrinary Tract Infection /U /UTITI//
How:How:– A. suis: amoxicillin*A. suis: amoxicillin*– E.coli: TMP-sulfonamides* or E.coli: TMP-sulfonamides* or
quinolones**quinolones**
– *time-depending*time-depending– **concentration-depending**concentration-depending– Collective or individual treat.: Collective or individual treat.: depending on depending on
the moleculethe molecule
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
PREVENTIONPREVENTION– Water: 12-15 L/gilt, 15-18 L/sow or 3-3,5
L/kg feedSummer: 10-20% more
– Hygiene
– Loose sows
2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//
PREVENTIONPREVENTION– Herd demography: 3rd return heat: culling
– Acidify urine: acidifiants or ammonium chloride (3000 ppm)
– Vaccination: Polyvalent (e. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Strep. fecalis): little effect Human: local or oral immunization ???
2.3. Viruses, Mycoplasmas2.3. Viruses, Mycoplasmas
TGE, Pseudorabies: milk TGE, Pseudorabies: milk production production
Mycoplasma: /?/Mycoplasma: /?/
2.4. Management and 2.4. Management and environmentenvironment
Decreased water consumption: Decreased water consumption: UTIUTI
High summer temperature: milk High summer temperature: milk production production
Poor sanitation: PHS /but there is Poor sanitation: PHS /but there is no positive correlation/no positive correlation/
2.5. Nutrition2.5. Nutrition
Wheat bran /laxative/, 15 % Wheat bran /laxative/, 15 % alfalfa meal: PHS alfalfa meal: PHS , others: no , others: no
Dietary fibber content: Dietary fibber content: constipation, slow intestinal constipation, slow intestinal transit timetransit time
2.5. Nutrition2.5. Nutrition
Dietary energy: most importantDietary energy: most important
Protein supply: less importantProtein supply: less important
Vitamin E, selenium /normal Vitamin E, selenium /normal leukocyte function/: deficient diet: leukocyte function/: deficient diet: PHS PHS
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