View
214
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Production of Biomethane/Synthetic
Natural Gas (SNG) from Dry Biomass –
A Technology Review 2015
Serge Biollaz, Tilman Schildhauer
Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
Jörgen Held
Renewtec AB, Sweden
Reinhard Seiser
University of California San Diego, USA
Gasification Methanation Gas conditioning
for natural gas grid
dust, S, Cl, (CO2), etc. H2O, CO2, (H2)
SNG Biomass Gas cleaning &
- conditioning
For each process step several options exist
Biomass and Bioenergy. 2009, 33, 1587 – 1604, M. Gassner, F. Maréchal
Find the “best” combination
Power-to-Gas
Conversion Process “Biomass-to-SNG” Multiple concepts & combination of unit operation exist
Gasification Methanation Gas conditioning
for natural gas grid
SNG Biomass Gas cleaning &
- conditioning
Conversion Process “Biomass-to-SNG” Carbon management
CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O methanation
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 water gas shift
C2H4 + 2 H2O 2 CO + 4 H2 steam reforming
C2H4 + x H2 C2H6, CH4 hydrogenation
C + ½ O2 CO gasification
C + H2O CO + H2 steam gasification
C + CO2 2 CO CO2 gasification
Gasification
Methanation, shift, etc.
x = 1 or 2
Gasification Methanation Gas conditioning
for natural gas grid
dust, S, Cl, (CO2), etc. H2O, CO2, (H2)
SNG Biomass Gas cleaning &
- conditioning
Conversion Process “Biomass-to-SNG” Sulfur management
C4H4S + 4 H2 H2S + C4H10 hydrodesulfurisation
H2S + Me(O) MeS + H2(O) chemisorption
Sulfur chemistry
MeS + 1.5 O2 MeO + SO2 regeneration
COS + H2O CO2 + H2S hydrolysis
0
5
10
15
1 10 100 1000
Biomass input [MWFuel]
bio
me
tha
ne
pro
du
cti
on
co
st
[c€
/kW
h]
~ large ~ medium ~ small
biomass, thermo-chemical
biogas
coal, thermo-chemical
Indicative classification
for different scales:
GoBIGas I E.On Bio2G
biogas
GoBIGas I GoBIGas II
(planning)
Bio2G
(planning)
hRNG: 60 … 70 %
hheat: 0 … 20 %
biomass, biological
Scale of SNG/RNG/Biomethane Installations
EF
Gasification technologies: HPR: Heat pipe Reformer DFB: Dual Fluidized Bed
BFB: Bubbling Fluidized Bed CFB: Circulating Fluidized Bed EF: Entrained Flow
Selected key Technologies for SNG production Application Range
Large-scale Thermo-chemical Conversion: Coal
• Dakota Gasification Company: Great Plains Synfuels Plant
• New coal-to-SNG in China (4’000 MWfuel, coal) : Siemens, Haldor Topsoe
• New methanation technology VESTA,
demonstration in China
http://www.gasification.org/uploads/eventLibrary/GTC-2012-5-4.pdf
http://www.gasification.org/uploads/eventLibrary/07HANNEMANN.pdf
Large-scale Biomass Plants (>200 MWfuel)
• Lower specific investment and non-fuel operating costs
costs due to large plant size.
• Use of established technologies from the coal and refining
industry.
• Oxygen plant and pressurized systems can be employed.
• Difficult feedstock logistics. (Near ports or inclusion of coal
in the feedstock mix)
• Acceptable feedstock logistics (size similar to existing
biomass boilers)
• Easier to match excess heat with local heat or steam
demand
• Down-scaling of large-scale technologies generally leads to
unattractive specific investment costs.
• Indirect gasification and fluidized-bed methanation are
technologies with high conversion efficiency.
• Gas cleanup becomes economic hurdle due to several
process steps.
Medium-scale Biomass Plants (~100 MWfuel)
Indirect Gasification – Industrial-scale Plants
Location/
Technology
Usage or
product
Fuel/Product
MW/MW
Start up Status
Güssing, AUT
FICFB
Gas engine/
BioSNG demo
8fuel / 2el
1 MWSNG
2002
2009
Operational
-
Oberwart, AUT
FICFB
Gas engine/ORC 8.5fuel / 2.8el 2008 Operational
Senden, DE
FICFB
Gas engine/ORC 14fuel / 5el 2011 Operational
Burgeis, IT
FICFB
Gas engine 2fuel / 0.5el 2012 Operational
Gothenburg, SWE
FICFB
BioSNG 32fuel / 20SNG 2013 Operational
Alkmaar, NL
MILENA
BioSNG 4fuel / 2.8SNG Planned
FICFB = Fast Internally Circulating Fluidised Bed
MILENA = Multipurpose Integrated Lab-unit for Explorative and Innovative Achievements in biomass gasification
BioSNG Pilot Plants
Location/
Technology
R&D Capacity Start up Status
Petten, NL
MILENA
ECN - R&D 800 kWfuel 2008 Operational
California, US
FICFB
Woodland project
- R&D fluidized
bed methanation
1 MWfuel 2013 Commissioning
Lyon, FR
FICFB
GAYA project -
R&D platform
500 kWfuel Under
construction
Gothenburg, SWE
Dual bed
Chalmers
R&D
2 MW 2007 Operational
Köping, SWE
WoodRoll®
Ultraclean syngas
- R&D
500 kWfuel Commissioning
Swindon, UK
FBG+Plasma
Gas cleaning -
R&D
500 kWfuel 2015 Operational
FBG = Fluidized Bed Gasifier
https://www.dbfz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/B_Kraftstoffe/Final_project_report_biomethan.pdf
EU Project “BioSNG”: 2006-2009 FICFB gasification with fluidized-bed methanation
BioSNG pilot plant
Block flow diagram of BioSNG pilot plant
in Güssing, AT
BioSNG Project in Sweden Industrial plant “GoBiGas”
http://www.ieatask33.org/app/webroot/files/file/2013/Workshop_Gothenburg/19/Thnuman.pdf
BioSNG Project in the Netherlands ECN System for MEthanation (ESME)
ftp://ftp.ecn.nl/pub/www/library/report/2015/l15044.pdf ftp://ftp.ecn.nl/pub/www/library/report/2015/e15008.pdf
http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Our-company/Innovation/Gas-distribution-innovation/NIC-Projects/BioSNG-Process-Diagram/
BioSNG Project in United Kingdom Gas cleaning with plasma
BioSNG Project in Japan Gasification concept for scaling DFB up to 200 MWfuel
http://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100545716.pdf, p. 40
RNG Efforts in California
• Natural gas constitutes 33% of primary energy consumption
• Aggressive Greenhouse-gas reduction goals, various RNG incentives
• Electrical utility SMUD performing techno-economic evaluation of a
100 MWFuel, 60 MWRNG demonstration plant
Evaluation of gas-cleanup
technologies (sulfur compounds)
at small scale.
Solid adsorbents:
- Microporous, nanoporous
carbon (Brightblack)
- MOFs
Woodland RNG Research Project:
FICFB Pilot Plant, 1 MWFuel Laboratory-scale fluidized-
bed methanation (5 l/min).
CH4, CO2
Producer gas
Sulfur-free
producer gas
As part of the gas-cleanup chain
… …
• Lower financial risk due to a lower investment cost
• Easier to secure the future feedstock supply
• Easier logistics since less feedstock is needed
• Best match with local heat demand in cold climates
• Possible synergies with existing biogas plants
• Indirect gasification is commercially available for small
scale plants
• Technologies developed for small scale preferred
compared to scaling down large-scale technologies
Small-scale Biomass Plants (~10 MWfuel)
Lowering Investment and Operation Costs
• Larger plant size decreases specific investment and operating costs
Feedstock delivery to ports
Feedstock pretreatments
Blending with coal
• Increased automation
• Cheaper feedstocks: Urban wood, RDF, MSW – but tradeoff with
higher costs for separation, operational difficulties, and gas cleaning
• Higher carbon conversion by merging with power-to-gas route
• For methanation
Removal of organic sulfur compounds without removing BTX
Sulfur-tolerant methanation catalysts
Reduction/simplification of gas cleanup steps
Projects on Thermo-chemical SNG Production Observation on the focus of the R&D activities
• A multitude of gasification processes exist to produce a syngas suitable
for SNG/biomethane production.
• DFB is the dominant design (FICFB, MILENA, TIGAR, ..)
Gasification
Reforming, shift, methanation, etc.
• A multitude of gas cleaning and methanation processes exist to
produce a (ultra) clean syngas suitable for SNG / biomethane
production.
• There is no dominant design yet.
22
Backup Slide - Natural Gas Consumption
UK* Nether- lands*
Switzer- land*
Sweden* Austria* US California
Natural gas consumption
[PJ/y] 3,300 1,430 115 65 290 26,200 2,638
Natural gas as fraction of prim. energy consumption
[%] 38% 44% 10% 3% 22% 26% 33%
Natural gas import dependency
(import-export) / consumption
42% 0% 100% 100% 75% 5% 90%
Biomass availability [% of prim. energy, 2020]
5% 5% 10% 20-25% 20% 8% 7%
http://www.ieatask33.org/app/webroot/files/file/2012/IEA%20Bioenergy%20Conference/SessionI1-van_der_Drift.pdf http://www.energydelta.org/mainmenu/energy-knowledge/country-gas-profiles http://www.energie-nederland.nl/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Energie-in-Nederland-2011.pdf
*Sources:
Recommended