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Under
the
2015
Efflu
ent
Lim
itG
uid
elin
es
(ELG
s)
Rule
en
acte
dby
the
U.S
.E
nviro
nm
enta
l
Pro
tectio
nA
gency
(EP
A),
exis
ting
pro
ducers
of
FG
Dw
aste
wate
rneed
tolim
itth
e
concentra
tions
of
merc
ury,
ars
enic
,sele
niu
mand
nitrite
/nitra
tein
their
dis
charg
ed
FG
D
stre
am
s(T
able
1).
Alth
ough
EP
Ah
as
postp
oned
the
orig
inal
com
plia
nce
date
of
Novem
ber
1,
2018,
they
will
pro
pose
anew
revis
ed
Rule
with
apro
jecte
dcom
plia
nce
date
of
Novem
ber
1,
2020
1.A
ssuch,
many
facilitie
sw
illstill
need
toaddre
ss
this
com
plia
nce
issue
by
imple
mentin
gan
econom
icand
effic
ient
treatm
ent
pro
cess
to
pre
pare
for
the
rele
ase
ofth
enew
ELG
sNE
ED
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Jinjia
n W
u1, Jo
on
Min
1,a, Yo
un
g C
hu
lC
ho
i 2 b, N
ishil
Mo
ha
mm
ed
2
1E
S E
ng
ine
erin
g S
ervice
s, LLC, a
sub
sidia
ry of M
on
trose
En
iron
me
nta
lG
rou
p, In
c. 2S
ou
the
rn R
ese
arch
aP
rincip
al In
vestig
ato
r, TE
L: 94
9-4
00
-34
58
, Em
ail: jm
in@
mo
ntro
se-e
nv.co
mb
co-P
rincip
al In
vestig
ato
r, Em
ail: ych
oi@
sou
the
rnre
sea
rch.o
rg
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
1. h
ttps://w
ww
.ep
a.g
ov/e
g/ste
am
-ele
ctric-po
we
r-ge
ne
ratin
g-e
fflue
nt-g
uid
elin
es-2
01
5-fin
al-ru
le
2. h
ttps://w
ww
.fed
era
lreg
ister.g
ov/d
ocu
me
nts/2
01
5/1
1/0
3/2
01
5-2
56
63
/efflu
en
t-limita
tion
s-gu
ide
line
s-
an
d-sta
nd
ard
s-for-th
e-ste
am
-ele
ctric-po
we
r-ge
ne
ratin
g-p
oin
t-sou
rce
3. M
in, J.H
., Zh
an
g, J.Z
., Tasse
r, C., C
roze
s, G.F., H
erin
g, J.G
., “De
velo
pm
en
t an
d a
pp
licatio
n o
f low
-cost
bio
po
lyme
r-ba
sed
ad
sorp
tive m
ed
ia fo
r arse
nic, ch
rom
ium
, an
d se
len
ium
rem
ova
l.” Pa
pe
r at th
e K
SE
A
We
stern
Re
gio
na
l Tech
no
log
y Co
nfe
ren
ce “G
ree
n E
arth
an
d B
eyo
nd
”, Ca
ltech
, Pa
sad
en
a, C
A, Fe
b 9
, 20
08
.
2019 C
rossc
uttin
g A
nn
ua
l Re
vie
w M
ee
ting
Pittsb
urg
h A
pril 1
0th, 2
019, P
en
nsy
lva
nia
PR
OJE
CT
PR
OG
RE
SS
BE
NF
ITS A
ND
FU
TU
RE
WO
RK
Curre
nt
treatm
ent
meth
ods
for
sele
niu
min
FG
D
waste
wate
rin
clu
de
bio
logic
al
reductio
n,
adsorp
tion,
and
mem
bra
ne
pro
cesses.
Bio
logic
al
reductio
nconverts
Se
6and
Se
4to
Se
0.2
Alth
ough
effe
ctiv
e,it
has
limita
tions
inclu
din
g:
Long
rete
ntio
ntim
e,
whic
hre
quire
sla
rger
footp
rintand
hig
her
capita
lcosts
R
equire
sfre
quent
handlin
gof
bio
logic
al
slu
dge/b
ackw
ash
waste
H
igh
food
sourc
e(e
lectro
ndonor)
consum
ptio
n
toachie
ve
com
ple
tere
ductio
nto
Se
0
Next S
teps:
AP
PR
OA
CH
Co
nta
min
an
tsU
nit
Daily
Maxim
um
Mo
nth
ly A
vera
ge
Ars
enic
μg/L
11
8
Merc
ury
ng/L
788
365
Sele
niu
mμ
g/L
23
12
Tota
l Nitro
gen (N
O3 /N
O2 -N
)m
g/L
17
4.4
Table
1. P
roposed E
LG
limits
for F
GD
waste
wate
r dis
charg
e 2
Schedule
and P
rogre
ss:
Inth
ispro
ject,
anovel
hybrid
pro
cess
ispro
posed
tore
move
sele
niu
mand
oth
er
key
conta
min
ants
inF
GD
waste
wate
r.T
he
hybrid
pro
cess
com
bin
es
chem
ical
and
bio
logic
al
pro
cesses
toachie
ve
sele
niu
m
rem
oval.
The
pro
cess
has
advanta
ges
inclu
din
g:
R
eductio
non
overa
llre
actio
ntim
e
for
sele
niu
mre
moval;
sm
alle
r
footp
rint
Mem
bra
ne
pro
cesses
such
as
RO
isable
tore
ject
Se
6and
Se
4.H
ow
ever
limita
tions
exis
tsfo
rm
em
bra
ne
treatm
entofF
GD
waste
wate
rin
clu
din
g:
H
igh
foulin
g/s
calin
gpote
ntia
l
R
equire
sconcentra
tem
anagem
entand
dis
posal
H
igh
capita
land
O&
Mcost
C
aptu
ring
sele
niu
m,
ars
enic
insolid
media
phase,
rath
er
than
inbackw
ash
stre
am
,achie
vin
gbette
rw
aste
managem
ent
3
S
pent
media
volu
me
reductio
nby
dew
ate
ring
natu
rally
toachie
ve
volu
me
reductio
nfo
rdis
posalcostre
ductio
n3
M
eetin
gT
CLP
leachin
gte
stofth
espentm
edia
Tech
no
log
yE
ne
rgy
Re
qu
irem
en
ts W
ate
r Re
qu
irem
en
ts
Trea
tme
nt P
roce
ssB
ack
wa
sh / re
ject ra
teS
tartu
p w
ash
wa
ter
Bio
log
ical Tre
atm
en
t-
Influ
en
t pu
mp
ing
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he
mica
l fee
d
-5
~1
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Da
ily b
ack
wa
sh to
rem
ove
sele
niu
m so
lids
-S
tart u
p rin
se w
ate
r to w
ash
ou
t fine
me
dia
du
e to
attritio
n fo
r carb
on
ba
sed
me
dia
Co
nv
en
tion
al M
ed
ia
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sorp
tion
-In
flue
nt p
um
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g
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rt up
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wa
ter
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nv
en
tion
al Io
n
Exch
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ge
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en
era
ble
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flue
nt p
um
pin
g-
~ 5
%
-D
aily
reg
en
era
tion
with
brin
e a
nd
rinse
cycle
-S
tart u
p rin
se w
ate
r
Me
mb
ran
e (R
O)
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igh
pre
ssure
influ
en
t
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mp
ing
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ter-sta
ge
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mp
ing
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he
mica
l fee
d
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20
%
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on
tinu
ou
s reje
ct strea
m
du
e to
RO
reco
ve
ry lim
it
-M
em
bra
ne
con
ditio
nin
g w
ate
r
-R
eg
ula
r me
mb
ran
e cle
an
ing
wa
ter
Hy
brid
Pro
cess
-In
flue
nt p
um
pin
g
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he
mica
l fee
d
~2
~3
%-
Sta
rt up
rinse
wa
ter
Futu
reW
ork
S
cale
-up
pro
ductio
nin
treatm
entsyste
m
In
tegra
tion
oftre
atm
entsyste
min
exis
ting
FG
Dm
anagem
ent
Pote
ntia
lB
enefits
:
Low
er
capita
land
O&
Mcosts
com
pare
dw
ithexis
ting
treatm
entpro
cesses
Low
er
energ
yconsum
ptio
n
Low
waste
wate
rgenera
tion
and
easie
rm
anagem
ent
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