Property of Lear Siegler. FRONTAL WEATHER Property of Lear Siegler

Property of Lear Siegler

FRONTAL WEATHER

Terminal Learning Objective

Page D-1 in Student Handout:

ACTION:

CONDITION:

STANDARD:

Identify the characteristics common to all fronts IAW FM 1-230.

A FRONT IS A BOUNDARY BETWEEN AIR MASSES

OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES.

COLDWARM

Frontal formation: When two high pressure cells exist so that the circulation of air is converging between

them, a front is formed. The converging air currents veer upward creating a zone (trough) of low pressure.

COLD WARM

Frontal weather is caused by the lifting of warm moist air by colder more dense air.

ALL FRONTS HAVE A TEMPERATURE INVERSION

FRONTAL DISCONTINUITIES

• TEMPERATURE

• DEWPOINT

• PRESSURE “ FALL THEN RISE”

• WIND SHIFT : APPROX 90°

DRIFT CORRECTION TO THE RIGHT

Primary factors affecting frontalweather are slope, speed,

moisture content, and stability.

questions ?

Identify the general characteristics of a cold front IAW FM 1-230.

Cold Front

The leading edge of a cold air mass, normally moving toward the southeast.

Cold Front

• Slope• Clouds• Width of weather band• Winds• Direction of movement• Speed• Symbol

Cold Front

Slope – avg. 1:80

80 miles

CUMULONIMBUS

10,000’

15,000’

20,000’

25,000’

Cold Front

cumuliform predominant

type of weather

Cold Front

Post-frontal, can be violent

Width of weather band

50 miles

Cold Front

northwest

Cold Front Winds

southeast

Direction of Movement

Average 25 knots

WARNING!If speed of front exceeds 25 kts a squall

line may form as much as 300 milesahead. Squall lines may include

tornadoes, hail, and destructive winds!

SQUALL LINE

Symbol

color - blue

triangle shapes,pointing in direction

of movement

NOTE: You must recognize

in color and black and white.

questions ?

Identify the general characteristics of a warm front IAW FM 1-230.

Warm Front

The trailing edge of a cold air mass, normally moving generally toward the northeast,

being overridden by warmer air.

Warm Front

Slope – avg. 1:200

200 miles

stratiform predominant

Warm Front

10,000’

15,000’

20,000’

25,000’

0 100 200 300 400 500 MILES

Width of weather band

400 to 600 miles

WARM FRONT

southeast

southwest

WARM FRONT

northeast

Direction of Movement

WARM FRONT

Average 15 kn

WARM FRONT

Symbol

color - red

half moon shapes,pointing in direction

of movement

questions ?

Identify the general characteristics of a stationary front IAW FM 1-230.

Stationary Front

A front which is not moving, speed of zero to less than 5 knots.

Stationary Front

similar towarm front

Stationary Front

Winds – light andvariable, tend toparallel isobars.

Movement - unpredictableSpeed – zero to < 5 kts

Stationary Front

color – alternatingred and blue

combination of symbolsfor cold and warm fronts,

alternating sides ofline of front

questions ?

Identify the general characteristics of an open wave IAW FM 1-230.

Open Wave

A wave-like appearance with one portion a cold front and the other a warm front with an open area in

between.

Open Wave

Vertical cross section.

Open Wave

Weather

Cold front WX

Warm front WX

Warm air

Open Wave

Movement

Travels in easterly direction along the line of

the original front

Open Wave

Weather chart portrayal

Cold front

Warm front

questions ?

Identify the general characteristics of an occluded front IAW FM 1-230.

Open Wave

Occluded Front:The result of a faster moving cold front overtaking a slower moving warm front.

The effect is one front on top of the other squeezing warm air between.

Open Wave

15 kts.

25 kts.

Open Wave

Cold Occlusion

Two types of occlusions:

Cold front occlusion – The cold front runs underneath the warm front.

(coldest air is behind the cold front)

Warm front occlusion – The cold front overruns the warm front.

(coldest air is ahead of the warm front)

Open Wave

Cold front occlusion – The cold front runs underneath the warm front.

(coldest air is behind the cold front)

Cold Occlusion

Open Wave

Warm front occlusion – The cold front overruns the warm front.

(coldest air is ahead of the warm front)

Warm Occlusion

Occlusions: cloud types

Both warm and cold front typesstratiform and cumuliform

Occlusions: weather

Weather associated with each of these frontscombines widespread low ceilings and poorvisibilities of the warm front with the severe

weather of the cold front.

Occlusions: winds

Ahead of the occlusion vary south to eastgenerally from the southeast,

behind the front generally from the northwest.

Occlusions: movement

Similar to an open wave, to the east

Cold Occlusion

Travels in easterly direction along the line of

the original front

Portrayal:cold occlusion

Warm Occlusion

Portrayal:warm occlusion

questions ?

Identify the proper flight proceduresto use when dealing with

frontal weather IAW FM 1-230.

RECOGNITION OF TYPE:Each type front presents certain problems

to the aviator. The aviator must learn to recognize type of front in

order to apply proper procedures.

FLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS:Cold fronts and squall lines

DON’T GO!

FLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS:Warm fronts

Sufficient fuel for a long flight and possiblediversion to an alternate airfield

FLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS:Stationary fronts

Same as warm front, plusalert for open wave and occlusion

FLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS:Open wave

Avoid the crest of the wave andcold front, cold front procedures

for cold side, warm front procedures for warm side

FLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS:Occluded fronts

WARNING!Occluded fronts offer worst possible weather! Avoid the apex

of the occlusion by at least 50 to 100 miles. Circumnavigate to right (tailwinds). Do not fly through an

occluded front. Wait, circumnavigate, or fly through stationary/warm front separately.

questions ?

Identify indications of frontal passage IAW FM 1-230.

On the ground

• wind shift•Temperature•Dew point•pressure

In flight

• more difficult to recognize• best indicator is OAT gauge• anticipate drift correction to right (with possible exception of occlusion)

questions ?

The endThe end

Property of Lear Siegler. FRONTAL WEATHER Property of Lear Siegler

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