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Research in Communicative Disorders
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Research in Communicative Disorders
Scott Bradley, Ph.D.
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
Research in Communicative Disorders
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Introduction (chap 1)
Why Do We Study Research?
Types of Research
The Research Study
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Why Do We Study Research?
Consumers of Research
Producers of Research
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Types of Research
Basic vs. applied research
Experimental vs. descriptive research
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The Research Study
Introduction Title Abstract Introduction/review of the literature Statement of the problem
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The Research Study (cont.)
Method Subjects Materials/Instrumentation Procedure
Results
Conclusions and discussion
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Research Strategies (chap 2)
Variables in Empirical Research
Experimental Research
Descriptive Research
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Variables in Empirical Research
Independent & Dependent Variables
Active & Attribute Variables
Continuous and Categorical Variables
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Independent & Dependent Variables
Independent variable is presumed cause of the dependent variable.
Independent variable is controlled by experimenter
Dependent variable is what is measured.
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Active & Attribute Variables
Active variables are variables that can be manipulated. Active variables are usually associated w/
experimental research
Attribute variables are attributes which describe a specific group or condition and can not be actively manipulated Attribute variables are usually associated w/
descriptive research.
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Continuous and Categorical Variables
Continuous Range along a continuum E.g., age, frequency, dB, rating scale, height
Categorical Separate categories E.g., male v. female, conductive loss v. sensori
neural loss, disordered language v. normal language.
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Experimental Research
Characteristics Must have a purpose, research quest. or
hypothesis. Control occurrence of events Findings can be replicated Variables may be manipulated.
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Experimental Research (cont.)
Types of experimental research Bivalent experiments Multivalent experiments Parametric experiments
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Bivalent experiments
Must contain only two levels or categories of an independent variable. E.g., .5 mg v. .10 mg, males v. females, low
pitch v. high pitch, etc.
Can lead to erroneous results if an artificial dichotomy exists.
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Multivalent experiments
More than two levels or categories of the independent variable.
Provides a more complete picture of the effects of the independent variable.
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Parametric experiments
Simultaneous effect of more than one independent variable.
Has the advantage of looking at more than one factor and to examine interaction between the independent variables.
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Descriptive Research
Differences between descriptive and experimental research.
Attributes Does not lead to cause & effect relationship Can be as effective as experimental research
under certain circumstances
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Descriptive Research (cont.)
Comparative Research
Developmental Research
Correlational Research
Surveys
Case Study, Single Subject, and Retrospective Research
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Comparative Research
Probably the most common type of descriptive research
Problem w/ cause and effect
Problem with uncontrolled variables
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Developmental Research
Examines effect of age or maturation.
Designs Cross-sectional Longitudinal Semi-longitudinal
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Correlational Research
Examines the relationship between two or more variables
Purpose of correlational research Examine how closely one variable relates to
another Ability to predict one variable from another
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ScatterplotThe effects of the smart pill on intelligence
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60
80
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160
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Dosage
IQ
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Surveys
Purpose
Questionnaires v. interviews
Pros and Cons
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Case Study, Single Subject, Retrospective
Case Study
Single subject
Retrospective
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Last Slide
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