Research Methods

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Formulating a research

problem

ConceptualizingA research

design

Constructing instrumentFor datacollection

SelectingA sample

Writing researchproposal

collecting data

ConsiderationAnd steps inFormulating

Research problem

Variables and hypotheses

Study design

Validity and Reliability of

Research tools

Research designfunctions

Processing data

Writing a research

report

Literature review

Methods andTools of data

collection

Sampling theorydesigns

Contents of theResearch proposal

FieldsTest of theResearch

Too;

Methods ofData

processing

Principles ofScientific

writing

EditingOf thedata

DevelopingA

Code book

Coding

Operational steps Required theoretical Knowledge Required intermediary knowledge

The research Process

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Research Methods

Reviewing the literature

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Reasons for reviewing the Literature

Bring clarity and focus to your research problem

Improve your methodology Broaden your knowledge base in your

research area

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Procedure for reviewing the Literature

Search for existing literature in your area of study.

Review the literature selected. Develop a theoretical framework. Develop a conceptual frame work.

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Formulating a research problem

Aspect of a study About Study of

Study population People Individuals, organization, groups, communities

Subject area Problem Issues, situation, association, needs, population, composition, profile

Program Contents, structure, outcomes, attributes, satisfaction, consumers, service provider

phenomenon Cause and effect relationship, study of phenomenon

Sources of research problem

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Consideration in selecting a research problem

Interest Magnitude Measurement of concept Level of expertise Relevance Availability of data Ethical issues.

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Steps in formulating of a research problem

Identify a broad area Dissect the broad area into sub areas Select a sub area Raise research questions Formulate objectives Assess objectives Double check

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The formulation of objectives

Clear Complete SpecificIdentify main variables Be correlated

Identify Direction ofrelationship

Descriptive studies

Co relational studies

Hypotheses testing studies

Characteristics of objectives

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Suppose you want to conduct a study in the area of alcoholism in formulating your research problem take the following steps

Step 1

Identify

Alcoholism

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Step 2

Dissect

1.Profile of alcoholics2.The causes of alcoholism3.The process of becoming an alcoholic4.The effect of alcoholism on the family5.Community attitudes towards alcoholism6.The effectiveness of a treatment model

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Step 3

Select

Effects of alcoholism on the family

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Step 4

Raise questions

1.What impact has alcoholism on marital relations.2.How does it effect the various aspects of children's lives.3.What are the effects on the families finances

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Step 5

Raise questions

Main objectivesTo find out the effects of alcoholism on the family Specific objectives1.To ascertain the impact of alcoholism on marital relations.2.To determine the ways in which alcoholism affects the different aspects of children's lives.3.To find out the effects of alcoholism on the financial situation of the family etc.

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Step 6

Make sure

Assess these objectives in the light of 1.The work involved 2.The time available to you3.The financial resources at your disposal4.Your technical expertise in the area

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Step 7

Double check

1.That you are really interested in the study2.That you agree with the objectives3.That you have adequate recourses 4.That you have the technical expertise to undertake the study