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Romanticism & Realism Romanticism & Realism (1804 – 1887)(1804 – 1887)
Romanticism
Professor A. D’Ascoli
Romantic Art Romantic Art CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Criticism of the past, look to the nowCriticism of the past, look to the now Emphasis on women and childrenEmphasis on women and children Respect for nature and its powerRespect for nature and its power Expression of emotion is the key Expression of emotion is the key
(any emotion)(any emotion) Supernatural and occult themesSupernatural and occult themes
Romantic ArtRomantic Art The WandererThe Wanderer 1817 – 18181817 – 1818 Hamburg, GermanyHamburg, Germany PaintingPainting Artist: Caspar David Artist: Caspar David
FriedrichFriedrich Greatest of the German Greatest of the German
Romantic paintersRomantic painters Mist was a favorite Mist was a favorite
subject for Romantic subject for Romantic Era paintersEra painters
Captures feeling of Captures feeling of solitude or perhaps solitude or perhaps triumphtriumph
The Polar Sea (Sea of Ice)
1823-1825
Hamburg, Germany
Painting
Caspar David Friedrich
His primary interest as an artist was the contemplation of nature, and his often symbolic and anti- classical work seeks to convey a subjective, emotional response to the natural world.
Abbey in the OakWood
1810
Dresden, Germany
Painting
Caspar David Friedrich
He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or as here amongst Gothic ruins.
Monk by the Sea
1809-10
Dresden, Germany
Painting
Caspar David Friedrich
Exhibited at same time as Abbey in the OakWood
Also captures that solitude
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Family of Charles IVFamily of Charles IV 18001800 Madrid, SpainMadrid, Spain Artist: Francisco GoyaArtist: Francisco Goya Court painter of Charles Court painter of Charles
IVIV Goya includes himself in Goya includes himself in
this painting like this painting like Velazquez did in Las Velazquez did in Las MeninasMeninas
Not a flattering version Not a flattering version of the royal family but of the royal family but Goya’s use of color and Goya’s use of color and costumes probably costumes probably caused them to not caused them to not noticenotice
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Third of MayThird of May Madrid, SpainMadrid, Spain 1814 – 18151814 – 1815 PaintingPainting Artist: Francisco GoyaArtist: Francisco Goya French soldiers execute French soldiers execute
Madrid citizens for Madrid citizens for resisting their resisting their occupationoccupation
Shooters are faceless, Shooters are faceless, inhumaninhuman
Victim in Christ-like Victim in Christ-like pose dies for liberty as pose dies for liberty as the Church in darkness the Church in darkness allows this to happenallows this to happen
The Giant
c. 1808
Madrid, Spain
Painting
Francisco Goya
Goya liked to explore the darker side of art
Saturn Devouring His Children
1819-1823
Madrid, Spain
Painting
Francisco Goya
Even taking the darker side of classical themes as a reaction against Classicism
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Great Courage! Great Courage!
Against Corpses!Against Corpses! Madrid, SpainMadrid, Spain 1810 – 18231810 – 1823 Pen and InkPen and Ink Artist: GoyaArtist: Goya From his series the From his series the
Disasters of WarDisasters of War Goya attempted to Goya attempted to
show the brutality show the brutality and inhumanity of and inhumanity of warwar
Napoleon at St. Bernard’s Pass
Paris, France
1800
Painting
Jacques-Louis David
On the cusp of Neo-classical and Romantic
Napoleon shown as inspirational character
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Raft of the MedusaRaft of the Medusa 1818 – 18191818 – 1819 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Theodore GericaultArtist: Theodore Gericault Inspired by his outrage at Inspired by his outrage at
the ship’s officers and the ship’s officers and captain saving themselves captain saving themselves when the ship sank and when the ship sank and left the 150 crewmembers left the 150 crewmembers and passengers on a raftand passengers on a raft
Triangular composition in Triangular composition in tribute to Raphaeltribute to Raphael
Dramatic contrasts of Dramatic contrasts of light and shadowlight and shadow
Insane Woman (Envy)
1822-1823
Paris, France
Painting
Theodore Gericault
Similar in many ways to my mother-in-law
Captured realism but in a dark evocative way
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Scenes from the Massacre Scenes from the Massacre
at Chiosat Chios 18241824 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Eugene DelacroixArtist: Eugene Delacroix Also from a contemporary Also from a contemporary
eventevent As Greeks declared As Greeks declared
independence from Turkey, independence from Turkey, some 10,000 were some 10,000 were slaughtered on the island slaughtered on the island of Chios (birthplace of of Chios (birthplace of Homer)Homer)
A rival artist nicknamed A rival artist nicknamed this “the massacre of this “the massacre of painting” because of its painting” because of its loose form and lack of loose form and lack of focusfocus
Death of Sardanapalus
1826
Paris, France
Painting
Eugene Delacroix
Captured another real event, the slaughter in Turkey, to evoke emotional response
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Liberty Leading the PeopleLiberty Leading the People 18301830 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Eugene DelacroixArtist: Eugene Delacroix Commissioned by Louis-Philippe Commissioned by Louis-Philippe
to portray the uprising that led to portray the uprising that led to his being placed in power, it to his being placed in power, it was rejected as too emotional was rejected as too emotional and unskilled at the time it was and unskilled at the time it was finishedfinished
Notre Dame can be seen in the Notre Dame can be seen in the backgroundbackground
Both aristocrats and commoners Both aristocrats and commoners were involvedwere involved
Triangular compositionTriangular composition
Carceri 14
ca. 1750
Rome, Italy
Pen and Ink
Giovanni Battista Piranesi
Most famous etcher of his time – did 1000s of sketches – precursor to MC Escher with his intricate and often illusion-like drawings
The Nightmare
1781
London, England
Painting
Henry Fuseli
Fuseli was Swiss born with Italian roots but painted in England
Painting is considered his best and is full of Freudian ideas
Pun on nightmare with horse
Neo-Classical/RomanticNeo-Classical/Romantic La Grande OdalisqueLa Grande Odalisque 18141814 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: IngresArtist: Ingres Although he attempted a Although he attempted a
tribute to Titian’s classical tribute to Titian’s classical Venus of Urbino, it seems Venus of Urbino, it seems Ingres produced a more Ingres produced a more mannerist style paintingmannerist style painting
Ingres was stunned when Ingres was stunned when his work was deemed un-his work was deemed un-classicalclassical
Sensuality is part of this Sensuality is part of this painting despite Ingres’ painting despite Ingres’ own protests to the own protests to the contrarycontrary
Odalisque means harem Odalisque means harem girlgirl
RomanticRomantic OdalisqueOdalisque 1845 – 18501845 – 1850 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: DelacroixArtist: Delacroix 31 years later the same 31 years later the same
themed painting looks themed painting looks dramatically differentdramatically different
No more classical No more classical lines, sensuality is in lines, sensuality is in your faceyour face
OdalisquesOdalisques
The Maja Clothed
c. 1800
Madrid, Spain
Painting
Francisco Goya
Obvious influence from Titian – Goya made two of these as a sort of flip page book
The Maja Nude
c. 1800
Madrid, Spain
Painting
Francisco Goya
Same exact pose
Romantic EraRomantic Era The HaywainThe Haywain 18211821 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: John ConstableArtist: John Constable Famous for his romantic Famous for his romantic
era landscape paintingsera landscape paintings He sketched from He sketched from
nature but did the final nature but did the final work in his studiowork in his studio
Paintings that celebrate Paintings that celebrate rural life and its rural life and its attachment ot the landattachment ot the land
Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
1868
Painting
California
Albert Bierstadt
American landscape painters also gained worldwide recognition at this time by painting live outdoors rather than in the studio
Romantic EraRomantic Era The Slave ShipThe Slave Ship 18401840 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: J.M.W. TurnerArtist: J.M.W. Turner Turner captures a moment Turner captures a moment
that enraged him like that that enraged him like that of Gericault’s Raftof Gericault’s Raft
Here slaves were thrown Here slaves were thrown overboard during an overboard during an epidemic because the epidemic because the ship’s captain was insured ship’s captain was insured for loss at sea not illnessfor loss at sea not illness
The colors suggest the The colors suggest the violent act portrayedviolent act portrayed
Men can be barely seen Men can be barely seen engulfed in the seaengulfed in the sea
Romantic EraRomantic Era American Lake SceneAmerican Lake Scene 18441844 New YorkNew York PaintingPainting Artist: Thomas ColeArtist: Thomas Cole Famed for his realistic Famed for his realistic
landscape works despite landscape works despite his own dislike of themhis own dislike of them
Paintings of solitude, Paintings of solitude, even when figures are in even when figures are in work they are work they are insignificant and smallinsignificant and small
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Grand Canyon of the Grand Canyon of the
YellowstoneYellowstone 18721872 Yellowstone, WyomingYellowstone, Wyoming PaintingPainting Artist: Thomas MoranArtist: Thomas Moran Influenced by Turner’s Influenced by Turner’s
use of light after a visit use of light after a visit to England – see the to England – see the Slave ShipSlave Ship
Landscape paintings Landscape paintings became so popular in became so popular in America that they America that they became mass produced became mass produced changing the face of art changing the face of art foreverforever
Romantic ArtRomantic Art La MarseillaiseLa Marseillaise 1833 – 18361833 – 1836 Paris, FranceParis, France Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: Francois RudeArtist: Francois Rude Placed on the Arc de Placed on the Arc de
Triomphe in ParisTriomphe in Paris The use of the arch and The use of the arch and
a winged female to a winged female to depict victory were part depict victory were part of the classical idealof the classical ideal
The portrayal of emotion The portrayal of emotion however, is romantichowever, is romantic
Sculpture fell out of Sculpture fell out of favor during the favor during the Romantic Era and not Romantic Era and not many works were many works were producedproduced
Romantic Art (Neo-Romantic Art (Neo-Gothic)Gothic) Houses of ParliamentHouses of Parliament
1836 – 18601836 – 1860 London, EnglandLondon, England ArchitectureArchitecture Artists: Charles Barry Artists: Charles Barry
& Welby Northmore & Welby Northmore PuginPugin
More similar to a More similar to a Gothic cathedral than Gothic cathedral than to a government to a government office buildingoffice building
Big Ben is the Big Ben is the nickname of the clock nickname of the clock towertower
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Opera GarnierOpera Garnier 1861 – 18741861 – 1874 Paris, France Paris, France ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Charles GarnierArtist: Charles Garnier A tribute to the classical A tribute to the classical
world with much more world with much more color and vitality addedcolor and vitality added
Luxuriously ornamented Luxuriously ornamented in a Baroque mannerin a Baroque manner
Opera GarnierOpera Garnier
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Europe: A ProphecyEurope: A Prophecy 17941794 London, EnglandLondon, England Illuminated Illuminated
ManuscriptManuscript Author: William BlakeAuthor: William Blake Blake’s idea of God Blake’s idea of God
(Urizen) is portrayed (Urizen) is portrayed here on the 2here on the 2ndnd day of day of creation dividing the creation dividing the heavens and the earth heavens and the earth with the compasseswith the compasses
Romantic ArtRomantic Art Lord Byron in Albanian Lord Byron in Albanian
CostumeCostume 18141814 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: Thomas PhilipsArtist: Thomas Philips Philips captures Philips captures
Byron’s eccentricity Byron’s eccentricity and his good looks in and his good looks in this workthis work
Famed for his travels Famed for his travels and his poems, Byron and his poems, Byron often got involved in often got involved in foreign affairs, actually foreign affairs, actually dying while fighting the dying while fighting the Turks for Greece’s Turks for Greece’s freedomfreedom
Pre-Raphaelites
Ophelia
1852
London, England
Painting- oil on canvas
Pre-Raphaelites - rejected the art of the Renaissance in favor of art before Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo (15-16 centuries). The Pre-Raphaelites focused on serious and significant subjects and were best known for painting subjects from modern life and literature often using historical costumes. They painted directly from nature itself, as truthfully as possible and with incredible attention to detail.
Proserpine
ca. 1877
London, England
Painting
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
In top right is a sonnet the author wrote to the model who posed for this
He is considered the master of the Pre-Raphaelites
Beata Beatrix
ca. 1863
London, England
Painting
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
The Florentine writer Dante can be seen hovering in the background admiring his Beatrice
Rossetti saw this work as a memorial to his wife, Elizabeth Siddall, who had died in 1862.
Realism
Realism Art Realism Art CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Everyday people doing ordinary things Everyday people doing ordinary things is a main themeis a main theme
Concentration on the world as it really Concentration on the world as it really isis
The artistic attempt to recreate life as it The artistic attempt to recreate life as it is in the context of an artistic medium is in the context of an artistic medium
Photography used to capture the harsh Photography used to capture the harsh realities of life and as an art formrealities of life and as an art form
The Stone Breakers
1849
Paris, France
Painting
Artist: Gustave Courbet
A master at taking common everyday scenes and turning them to art
RealismRealism A Burial at OrnansA Burial at Ornans 18491849 Ornans, FranceOrnans, France PaintingPainting Artist: Gustave CourbetArtist: Gustave Courbet After the Revolution of 1848, Courbet returned to his village where he After the Revolution of 1848, Courbet returned to his village where he
painted scenes from everyday life of the working classpainted scenes from everyday life of the working class When he returned to Paris and displayed his work, the critics were When he returned to Paris and displayed his work, the critics were
ruthless because of both the subject matter and their disbelief that life ruthless because of both the subject matter and their disbelief that life was so hard for the working classwas so hard for the working class
The subject matter of his paintings was seen to be unworthy of so large a The subject matter of his paintings was seen to be unworthy of so large a size (10 x 20 feet this one) size (10 x 20 feet this one)
Real life being portrayed was a reaction to RomanticismReal life being portrayed was a reaction to Romanticism
The Gleaners
1857Paris, France
Painting
Jean-François Millet
Ordinary themes were attempted to catch moments much like photography was beginning to do
RealismRealism Rue Transonian, April Rue Transonian, April
15, 183415, 1834 18341834 Paris, FranceParis, France Ink and Pen Ink and Pen
LithographyLithography Artist: Honore DaumierArtist: Honore Daumier Artists began to portray Artists began to portray
the world as it actually the world as it actually is – in all of its horrors is – in all of its horrors
This work shows a This work shows a slaughtered family – to slaughtered family – to show repression of the show repression of the troops of Louis-Philippe troops of Louis-Philippe of a real eventof a real event
The Third-Class Carriage
ca. 1862Paris, France
Painting
Honoré Daumier
Artists struggled to capture the despair of ordinary people during a time of chaos
This was unfinished
RealismRealism
Plowing in the Nivernais: the Dressing of the VinesPlowing in the Nivernais: the Dressing of the Vines 18491849 The Nivernais, FranceThe Nivernais, France PaintingPainting Artist: Rosa BonheurArtist: Rosa Bonheur She was the first truly successful painters of working class subjectsShe was the first truly successful painters of working class subjects She painted directly from nature and her subjects She painted directly from nature and her subjects She dressed in men’s suits because she claimed women’s clothes She dressed in men’s suits because she claimed women’s clothes
interfered with her workinterfered with her work
The Horse Fair
1853-1855
Paris, France
Painting
Rosa Bonheur
Her details almost make this appear as a photograph
She sketched 2x a week at the Paris horse fair to capture this work
RealismRealism
The Painter’s Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of The Painter’s Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of My Artistic LifeMy Artistic Life
1854 – 18551854 – 1855 PaintingPainting Paris, FranceParis, France Artist: CourbetArtist: Courbet Also trashed by the critics, Courbet had to exhibit it on his ownAlso trashed by the critics, Courbet had to exhibit it on his own Courbet’s art focused on nudes and landscapes – which in this Courbet’s art focused on nudes and landscapes – which in this
work make up the center of the paintingwork make up the center of the painting The title evoked memories of the Revolution of 1848 - Ateliers The title evoked memories of the Revolution of 1848 - Ateliers
were where it began were where it began
Pollice Verso
1872
Paris, France
Painting- oil on canvasJean-Leon Gerome
Painted in new style called Academicism – painting styles produced and accepted by the European art schools and universities
“pollice verso’ – means thumbs down, it is where the popular idea comes from
AcademicismAcademicism Birth of VenusBirth of Venus 18631863 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Alexandre CabanelArtist: Alexandre Cabanel Cabanel hated the Cabanel hated the
impressionists and when impressionists and when he became a professor of he became a professor of art in Paris, banned them art in Paris, banned them from his schoolfrom his school
Cabanel's erotic imagery, Cabanel's erotic imagery, cloaked in historicism, cloaked in historicism, appealed to the propriety appealed to the propriety of the higher levels of of the higher levels of societysociety
The Fifer
1866
Paris, France
Painting
Edouard Manet
Manet is considered by many to be a pre-Impressionist rather than a true Impressionist painter
Realism / Pre-Realism / Pre-ImpressionismImpressionism
Luncheon on the GrassLuncheon on the Grass 18631863 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Edouard ManetArtist: Edouard Manet Immediately deemed indecent Immediately deemed indecent
as a woman is shown nude as a woman is shown nude outdoors with 2 men outdoors with 2 men (thought it was a real event)(thought it was a real event)
Manet used models and Manet used models and painted this in his studio – not painted this in his studio – not outdoorsoutdoors
He based this work on a He based this work on a painting by Raphael painting by Raphael (Judgment of Paris)(Judgment of Paris)
Large brushstrokes remain Large brushstrokes remain visible – this was looked upon visible – this was looked upon as sloppy work by his critics, as sloppy work by his critics, yet it was intentional yet it was intentional
Realism / Pre-Realism / Pre-ImpressionismImpressionism OlympiaOlympia
18631863 Paris, FranceParis, France Artist: ManetArtist: Manet PaintingPainting Same model as from Same model as from
‘Luncheon’‘Luncheon’ No attempt to create No attempt to create
illusion of depth – flat illusion of depth – flat lines on flat surfacelines on flat surface
Viewer is entering the Viewer is entering the room and Olympia room and Olympia seems undisturbed by seems undisturbed by her nudityher nudity
The cat arches its back The cat arches its back and hisses at youand hisses at you
RealismRealism Prisoners from the FrontPrisoners from the Front 18661866 New YorkNew York PaintingPainting Artist: Winslow HomerArtist: Winslow Homer Homer is known as Homer is known as
greatest American artistgreatest American artist Factual accounts of life Factual accounts of life
as it is (was)as it is (was) Confederate soldiers are Confederate soldiers are
shown surrendering to a shown surrendering to a Union general, yet the Union general, yet the defiance of the pose defiance of the pose shows us a nation at shows us a nation at oddsodds
RealismRealism The Swimming HoleThe Swimming Hole 1883 – 18851883 – 1885 Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Artist: Thomas EakinsArtist: Thomas Eakins Fascinated by the new Fascinated by the new
world of photography, world of photography, Eakins tried to capture Eakins tried to capture moments of motion moments of motion frozen in timefrozen in time
Eakins himself is one of Eakins himself is one of the participantsthe participants
Motion of a single boy Motion of a single boy and an onlookerand an onlooker
Winslow HomerWinslow Homer
RealismRealism Maria EdgeworthMaria Edgeworth 18411841 London, EnglandLondon, England PhotographyPhotography Artist: William BeardArtist: William Beard An early daguerreotype An early daguerreotype
from the first portrait from the first portrait studio in Englandstudio in England
DaguerreotypeDaguerreotype is named is named after the process after the process invented by Louis J M invented by Louis J M Daguerre, it produced Daguerre, it produced no negatives therefore no negatives therefore the photograph was not the photograph was not reproducible reproducible
RealismRealism On the Antietam BattlefieldOn the Antietam Battlefield September 17, 1862September 17, 1862 Sharpsburg, MarylandSharpsburg, Maryland Photography Photography Artist: Matthew B BradyArtist: Matthew B Brady Brady was the best known Brady was the best known
Civil War photographerCivil War photographer Camera allows one single Camera allows one single
vantage point, here it vantage point, here it seems as if the fence and seems as if the fence and the bodies stretch on the bodies stretch on foreverforever
Brady also took several Brady also took several photos of Abraham Lincolnphotos of Abraham Lincoln
RealismRealism
Annie G. Cantering SaddledAnnie G. Cantering Saddled 18871887 Palo Alto, CaliforniaPalo Alto, California PhotographyPhotography Artist: Eadward MuybridgeArtist: Eadward Muybridge Sequence photograph showing horse in motion; a Sequence photograph showing horse in motion; a
precursor to the motion pictureprecursor to the motion picture
Walking and Throwing a Handkerchief
1884-85
California
Photography
Eadweard Muybridge
Of course nudity appeared on film almost as soon as it was created
RealismRealism Crystal PalaceCrystal Palace 18511851 London, EnglandLondon, England ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Joseph PaxtonArtist: Joseph Paxton The building was the The building was the
largest enclosed space largest enclosed space ever created at the time it ever created at the time it was builtwas built
Built as an exhibition hall Built as an exhibition hall of new scientific advancesof new scientific advances
Paxton was a gardener by Paxton was a gardener by trade and the greenhouse trade and the greenhouse like features are like features are reminiscent of his careerreminiscent of his career
Draped Model (back view)
ca. 1854Paris, France
Photography
Eugène Durieu & Eugène Delacroix
Still showing the influence of Titian’s Venus of Urbino’s original pose
Xie Kitchin reclining with parasol
1876
Photography
Lewis CarrollIn Titian like pose – Carroll went on to write Alice in Wonderland
Xie was Carroll’s favorite subject to photograph
RealismRealism Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty 1875 – 18841875 – 1884 Paris, France – New Paris, France – New
YorkYork SculptureSculpture Artist: Frederic-Auguste Artist: Frederic-Auguste
BartholdiBartholdi Designed and built in Designed and built in
parts in Paris and parts in Paris and shipped to America shipped to America where it was assembled where it was assembled in its completed form in its completed form
The frame was designed The frame was designed by Gustav Eiffelby Gustav Eiffel
Symbol of freedomSymbol of freedom Liberty holds light of Liberty holds light of
freedom high while freedom high while under her feet she is under her feet she is breaking the chains of breaking the chains of tyrannytyranny
The End . . . The End . . .
Next lecture . . .Next lecture . . .
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism and Post-ImpressionismImpressionism
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