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Section 1:The Scientific Revolution
Section 2:The Foundations of European Exploration
Section 3:Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Section 4:The Spanish and Dutch Empires
CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16
Divide a sheet of paper into 2 columns headed Magical and Scientific. In one column write the words that describe how people who believed in magic tried to learn about nature. In the other column write words describing how scientists learn about nature.
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Until the 1500s most Europeans saw small differences between science and magic
The word science is based on a Latin word meaning “to know”Scientists rejected the idea the Church and the
classics were the only source of knowledge
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Section 1: The Scientific RevolutionSection 1: The Scientific RevolutionSection 1: The Scientific RevolutionSection 1: The Scientific Revolution
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Roger Bacon (monk) – favored a system of scientific experimentationDeveloped the
scientific method
New tools and instruments to observe and measureInstruments included barometer, microscope,
telescope, air pump, and thermometer used to observe and measure
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Copernicus – heliocentric theoryIn the A.D. 100s Ptomely said the Earth was the
center of the universe – the sun and the planets moved around the earth known as geocentric (earth-centered) theory
In 1543, Copernicus argued the sun was the center – heliocentric (sun-centered) theory
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The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Kepler and Galileo – proved Copernicus’ theory and invented telescopeJohannes Kepler used observations of Mars as well
as mathematical equations to prove the planets moved around the sun in elliptical, not circular as Aristotle had said
Galileo invented the telescope and saw the mountains and valleys of the moon, rings around Saturn, spots on the Sun, moons around Jupiter
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Galileo’s work caused many problems with the church. could not publish work without the church’s
approvalChurch banned the heliocentric idea from being
taughttried by the Inquisition in 1633 at the age of 69 forced to deny his findings and sentenced to
remain in his home
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Isaac NewtonNewton – laws of motion and gravitationExplained why objects appear to be colored in that
they absorb all other colors except the one they reflect proved by his passing light through a prism
Explains gravity
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Schools of science began to develop in Rome, England, and France.
Descartes – “I think, therefore I am.”Rene Descartes ideas developed a philosophy based on
reason that all assumptions had to be proven based on known facts
Believed his own existence was proven because he could think
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Francis Bacon – proof of ideas on observations and demonstration
Other scientific discoveries – calculus, microscope, chemistry-(Robert Boyle)
Think about explorers you have studied and the resources those people needed for their journeys. Think about space exploration today and write down things a country needs in order to explore space.
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Improvements in technology were done in order to find better routes to the East for its richesMapmaking – most know the world was round and as
explorers sailed around Africa, they were added to the maps – the Americas were undiscovered
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Section 2: The Foundations of European ExplorationSection 2: The Foundations of European ExplorationSection 2: The Foundations of European ExplorationSection 2: The Foundations of European Exploration
Navigation – development of compass, ships could sail beyond the sight of land w/o getting lost
New ships – traveled farther, faster, and under greater variety of weather conditions
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Commercial Revolution (1400-1700) – standardization of money encouraged international trade and banking
Joint-stock company – owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company and investors who bought stock became co-owners and shared in the profits
Colonization led to increased riches
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Mercantilism – stated that a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver the country possessedAccording to this belief, the world contained a fixed
amount of wealth, and increase its wealth one country had to take it from another country
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Ways to increase country’s wealth other than take from other countries by war; mine gold and silver in colonies and at home, favorable trade balance, and gain raw materialsIf a country could gain raw materials they would not
have to import (buy) from other countries (colonies)Favorable balance of trade – sell more goods that it
bought from other countries
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Tariffs (import taxes) to discourage people from buying foreign goods taking away from the home country.
Encourage exports – selling materials to other countries
Subsidies (grants of money) were given to businesspeople by the government to help start new industries
The role of colonies – colonies were not allowed to manufacture goods, sell goods to other countries, or import goods from other countries – only support the mother country
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Curiosity and spirit of discovery with the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution led to exploration of the world outside Europe
Hope of wealth or better way of lifeEscape religious persecution or spread religion
brought on by the Reformation and Counter-Reformation
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List products from Asia that many people in America use.
How do these products come to America?Imagine if everything from Asia had to come
almost entirely overland, crossing from Russia to Alaska at the Bering Strait.
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Prince Henry of Portugal funded explorations along the coast of Africa currents, wind
pattern, and climates
Africa – slave, gold, ivory trade
Voyages of Portugal and SpainVoyages of Portugal and SpainVoyages of Portugal and SpainVoyages of Portugal and Spain
Bartolomue Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama – used Dias route and sailed on to India landing there in 1498
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Spain became interested in the search for for new trade routes to increase riches, etc.
Christopher Columbus (Italian) thought he could sail west to reach IndiaSpain funded his voyage1492 sailed west with 3 small ships
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Landed at San Salvadorbelieved the islands where he land were off the
coast of IndiaOther explorers knew of the land but the
Bahamas where Columbus landed were undiscovered by Europeans
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Columbian Exchange – American foods were introduced in Europe Spanish brought horses to the Americas smallpox and other diseases were brought to the
Americas
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Spain and Portugal were 2 of Europe’s most active countries in explorationPope Alexander VI divided their lands with the
Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain took most of Central and South America and Philippines; Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East Indies
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Amerigo Vespucci – explored America, did not think it was part of Asia, called it the New World
Balboa – made an overland crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and called the ocean the South Sea (Pacific Ocean)Balboa’s discovery
proved the new world was not part of Asia
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Magellan – named the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean ; proved that the western lands were a New World, not a part of AsiaHe and his crew
made the first round the world voyage
Portuguese also went to Africa to tradefriendly relationships and missionaries in the
beginningeconomic interests took overNative Americans as slaves
Disease killed millionsSlaves were needed on sugar plantations off
the African coast to make a profit
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Triangular trade – merchants shipped goods to Africa for slaves, slaves were sent to the Americas and sold for products, merchants sent products to Europe to sell for a profitMiddle Passage – shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to
the Americasaround 10 million Africans survived the passage to the
Americas
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African kingdoms and slavery – not all African kingdoms participated in slave trade, some native populations in Africa were depleted
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Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain expansion and colonization
Battles, shipwrecks, and a small population were too much to handle on top of the empire
In 1580, Spain took over Portugal
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Write a list of examples of conquest or colonization, based on previous chapters or your knowledge of current events.
Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe during the 1500s with the largest overseas empire mostly focusing on the Americas
1513 Ponce de Leon sailed to what is now Florida and others later open the southwest U.S. to Spain
Conquests – In 1519 Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and its ruler Montezuma II and built Mexico City in its place
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Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresSection 4: The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresSection 4: The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresSection 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and what is now Peru and Ecuador to Chile for Spain in the 1530s
Colonial government and society – horses, guns, disease weakened native Aztec populations; Spain grew wealthyViceroys – officials who represente monarchies
in the colonies and reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain who ran the colonial empire for the Spanish crown
Eventually brought African Slaves to work the mines and farms
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French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of Spain’s wealth and lands
Spain passed laws to try to keep foreigners out of their colonies
Pirates attacked Spain’s ships and towns
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Holy Roman Emperor (member of the Habsburg family) – had conflicting demands between being king of Spain, supporting German aims, and defending Christian Europe
Felt that the Spanish and Holy Roman empires were too large for one man to rule
Divided lands among members of his familyHis son Philip II received Spain
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King of Spain – and was dedicated to strengthening Spain’s hold as Europe’s leading power
Philip II saw himself as the leader of the Counter-Reformation
controlled every facet of government, directed Spanish Inquisition
He involved Spain in wars to defend Catholicism and hurt the country financially
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The Netherlands break from Spain led by William of Orange – practiced guerrilla warfare; northern provinces declared independence from Spain
Dutch society – seafaring people, religious tolerance, lively cultural center
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The Dutch colonial empire – trade was controlled by Dutch East India Company founded in 1602; First colony was the island of Java in 1619 then on to
The Cape of Good Hope, and Japandid not force their own culture or religious beliefs on
other societies; their sole intention was making money
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Growing populationIncreased costs and shortage of food, clothing,
and housing drove prices upExpulsion of Jews and Moriscos – many skilled
bankers, business people, commercial leaders and artisans
Flow of money out of Spain helped other countries grow
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