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Semester 1 Semester 1 ExamExam
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CATEGORIESCATEGORIES• Classification• Insects• Microscopes• Cells• Scientific Method
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
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Binomial Binomial Nomenclature Nomenclature
Two part scientific name. (genus species)
Characteristics of living Characteristics of living thingsthings
M ovementR espirationS ensitivityG rowthR eproductionE xcretionN utrition
What are the seven What are the seven layers of classificationlayers of classification
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
What are the five What are the five different kingdomsdifferent kingdoms
MoneranProtistFungiPlant
Animal
What is Dichotomous What is Dichotomous Key?Key?
A key to help classify organisms
What evidence do we use What evidence do we use to classify organismsto classify organisms
• Behavior and physical appearance
• Method used for reproduction, locomotion, diet and habitat• Cells and DNA analysis
INSECTSINSECTS
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CharacteristicCharacteristics of s of
arthropods arthropods and insectsand insects
• Exoskeleton• Invertebrate
Special insect Special insect ordersorders
• Coleoptera – beetles• Diptera – Flies• Hymenoptera – Ants and Bees• Hemiptera – Aphids• Orthoptera – Grasshoppers and Crickets• Lepidoptera – Butterflies and Moths
How do How do insects make insects make
sounds?sounds?TymbalsBeating their wingsSpiraclesSnapping mandibles
What are insects What are insects mouthparts called? mouthparts called? What are the three What are the three different types of different types of
mouthparts?mouthparts?They are called mandiblesThe three different mouthparts are – piercing, sponging, siphoning.
Metamorphosis: Metamorphosis: What are the What are the three types?three types?
Molting- shedding skinIncomplete – egg, nymph, adultComplete – egg, larva, pupa, adult
MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPESS
Who are the Who are the three three
founding founding fathers of fathers of
microscopy?microscopy?Hooke
LeeuwenhoekJanssen
What did What did Hooke Hooke
accomplish?accomplish?Observed cork “cells”; coined the term “cell”
What did What did Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek accomplish?accomplish?Observed bacteria and protists
What did What did Janssen Janssen
accomplish?accomplish?First compound microscope
Total Total MagnificationMagnification
Eyepiece x objective lens
EyepieceEyepiece4x Magnification; look through at the top
BarrelBarrelChanges resolution
ArmArmUsed to hold the microscope
Revolving Revolving NosepieceNosepiece
Allows you to change between magnification lenses
Stage ClipsStage ClipsHolds the slide in place
ObjectivesObjectivesScanning, low power, high power lenses
Stage StopStage StopStops stage from moving
Stage Stage OpeningOpening
Allows light to come through
StageStageWhere the specimen rests
Coarse Focus Coarse Focus KnobKnob
Moves stage for scanning and low power lenses only
DiaphragmDiaphragmControls light (yay)
Illuminator Illuminator With BulbWith Bulb
Light source
Fine Focusing Fine Focusing KnobKnob
For high power ONLY
On/Off SwitchOn/Off SwitchSelf explanatory
BaseBaseBottom of Microscope
CELLSCELLS
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What are What are Levels of Levels of
organization organization from cells to from cells to organism?organism?
1. Cells2. Tissues3. Organs4. Organisms5. Population6. Community
What are the What are the 2 types of 2 types of
Cells?Cells?Somatic (body cells)Gametes (sex cells)
Eukaryote cells vs Eukaryote cells vs Prokaryote cellsProkaryote cells
Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells• Have nucleus• Membrane-bound
organelles• Cell membrane• DNA• Liquid cytoplasm• Ribosomes• Some have cell walls• Complex• Both unicellular and
multicellular
• Cell membrane• DNA• Liquid cytoplasm• Ribosomes• cell walls• Simple• Unicellular
Animal vs. Plant cellAnimal vs. Plant cellAnimal cells Plant cells• Nucleus• Cytoplasm• Ribosomes• Golgi body• Mitochondrion• Cell membrane• Vacuole (smaller in
animal cell)• Endoplasmic reticulum• Lysosomes (not in plant)• Centrioles (not in plant)
• Nucleus• Cytoplasm• Ribosomes• Golgi body• Mitochondrion• Cell membrane• Vacuole (larger in plant cell
than animal)• Chloroplast (not in animal)• Cell wall (not in animal)• Endoplasmic reticulum
NucleusNucleusBrain of cell
CytoplasmCytoplasmLiquid substance in cell that holds organelles
RibosomesRibosomesProtein producers. They can be attached to the ER
Golgi BodyGolgi BodyExternal delivery system
MitochondrioMitochondrionn
Convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions
Cell Cell membranemembrane
Regulates what goes in and out of the cell
VacuoleVacuoleStorage areas of a cell. Huge in plant cell.
ChloroplastsChloroplastsCapture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food. (plant only)
Cell wallCell wallStiff wall surrounding membrane. (plant only)
Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum
Internal delivery system
lysosomeslysosomesContain chemicals to break down food particles and worn out cell parts. (animals only)
CentriolesCentriolesHelp with cell division. (animals only)
What is What is diffusiondiffusion
Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration
What is What is osmosisosmosis
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
What is active What is active transporttransport
Movement of molecules across a membrane using cellular energy. Often against concentration gradient
photosynthesiphotosynthesiss
The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight in order to make food
RespirationRespirationProcess by which cells obtain energy from glucose
SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC METHODMETHOD
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What are the What are the steps of the steps of the
scientific scientific method?method?
1. Research2. Problem Question3. Hypothesis4. Develop your Procedure5. Collect and Record Data6. Analyze Results7. Draw Conclusions
Independent Independent VariableVariable
The variable that you control
Dependent Dependent VariableVariable
Changes because of the Independent Variable
Experimental Experimental GroupGroup
Tested Group
Control GroupControl GroupThe group used for comparison
Control(s)Control(s)What is kept constant throughout the experiment
ResearchResearchLook up information to develop your hypothesis
Purpose/Purpose/Problem Problem QuestionQuestion
The purpose of the experiment
HypothesisHypothesisA statement that tells what you think is going to happen
ProcedureProcedureDecide how you are going to do your experiment
Collect and Collect and record datarecord data
When you do the experiment and you collect and record data
Analyze Analyze ResultsResults
Translate your data into words
Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusions-Was your hypothesis correct?(y/n)-Why?(…)-What would you do differently next time?-What possible errors?-etc.
DONEDONEDID YOU DO WELL? I CERTANLY HOPE SO!! YAY!
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