Session 1a: Overview of SBL development SBL WS... · Overview of session •SBL for power sector:...

Jens Radschinski, Head of the RCC BangkokUNFCCC - Regional Collaboration Center, Bangkok

Session 1a: Overview of SBL development

CDM projects baseline and additional, Standardized baselines

development

CDM Training Workshop for DNAs in CambodiaPhnom Penh, Cambodia, 4 April 2019

Key CDM concepts

• The RCC Bangkok

• Baseline setting

o SBL concept

o Why SBL?

• Process

UNFCCC Regional Collaboration Centres(RCCs)

http://cdm.unfccc.int/stakeholder/rcc/index.html

UNFCCC HQ Bonn

RCC KampalaEADBRCC Lome

BOADRCC BangkokIGES

RCC Grenada-St. George Univ.

RCC PanamaCAF

UNFCCC Regional Collaboration Centres (RCCs)

• Set up to spread the benefits of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to help under-represented regions increase their attractiveness and potential for CDM, by building their capacity and reducing the risk for investors.

• Support the identification of CDM projects, provide assistance for the design of such projects, address issues identified by validators, and offer opportunities to reduce transaction costs.

• Broader role since Paris – facilitating support for climate action towards the implementation of countries’ NDCs under that agreement, with focuson markets and mechanisms.

RCC Bangkok

RCC Bangkok—Our Team

• A collaboration between the UNFCCC Secretariat and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

• Hosted by IGES Regional Office in Bangkok, Thailand• The fifth RCC, launched in September, 2015

Here at UN ESCAP APFSD 2018

Baseline Setting for evaluation of GHG mitigation projects

What is a baseline?

Baseline Scenario/emissions: • describe future GHG emissions in the absence of defined mitigation

efforts and policies• Counterfactual emissions scenario against which emission reductions

are counted

Why robust/credible baseline • To ensure a project will result in real GHG emissions reductions that

would not have occurred in the absence of the project.• Serves as a reference level to define national mitigation goals and

targets• Provide a benchmark for mitigation targets• Support national climate change policy preparation• Estimate the mitigation impact and assess progress in implementation

Baselines are constructed and/or depend on the types of mitigation goals

Example of a baseline-scenario goal

The ex-ante baseline scenario: Most likely to occur in the absence of policies or measures to meet a mitigation goal.

Source: WRI (World Resource Institute). 2014. Mitigation Goal Standard: An Accounting and Reporting Standard for National and Subnational Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals. 9

Standardized baseline

What is standardized baseline?

• Baseline established for a Party or a group of Parties to facilitate the calculation of emission reductions and removals; and/or

• Used for determination of additionality for CDM project activities, while providing assurance for environmental integrity.

• Moving away from project by project baseline determination

• Sector-specific standards (regional, national, or sub-national)

• Either calculates baseline emission factor for broad class of mitigation activities (measures) taken up in the sector, or baseline emission factor for entire sector

• Reduce transaction costs

The concept

• Specific project boundary

• Project-specificbaseline to be determined

• Project-specific demonstration of additionality

• Sector-specific standards (regional, national, or international)

• Pre-determined Sectoral baseline

• Pre-determined additionality using positive list

CDM Methodologies/ tools Standardized Baselines (SBs)

Why Standardized baseline?

• Important strategy for promoting access to CDM projects and PoAs and

wider mitigation actions in developing countries and sectors through

simplification in developing baseline, baseline factors and or

additionality

• SBLs are not only used for an offsetting mechanism, but also

for wider mitigation outcomes, to calculate impact of

an mitigation intervention (emission reduction),

including those for;

a) Carbon finance

b) Climate finance

c) Result based finance

d) NAMAs and NDCs

• SBL is a reliable, UN-recognized tool that offers a transparent means to develop baseline or baseline factors for monitoring, reporting and

verification purpose of mitigation outcomes.

SBLs - Examples

Emission factors and baseline situation:Ø Grid emission factor

• Establishment of a factor for CO2 emissions of a power grid, per MWh of generated electricity (CO2/MWh)

• Establishment of the power grid as the baseline scenario for replaced electricity by RE projects

Ø Waste sector

• Establishment of an emission factor per tonne of waste

• Establishment of the baseline situation for waste treatment projects, e.g. open dumping

Ø fNRB – Fraction of non-renewable biomass

• Establishment of a factor (%) for biomass projects, e.g. cook stoves, determining the fraction of the burned biomass that is non-renewable and will count as baseline emissions

Present Status

• 41 SBs in total are approved, only 4 from Asia-Pacific (3 expired, 1 of them for renewal)

• 14 bottom up and 6 top down submissions are under processing, none from Asia-Pacific; last EB meeting Board approved new fNRBSBL development (Myanmar)

Sectors covered are:ü Electricity generationü Rural electrificationü Cementü Charcoalü Waste (LFG flaring and electricity/power generation)ü Rice millü Rice cultivationü Cook stovesü Forestryü Energy efficiency in refrigeration and air-conditioning

Current bottom up developments

Standardized Baseline Development- The Process

Approaches to develop SBLs

• The approach of the “Guidelines for the establishment of sector specific standardized baselines”;

• A methodological approach contained in an approved, proposed new or revised baseline and monitoring methodology;

• A methodological approach contained in an approved, proposed new or revised methodological tool; or

• The approach of the “Guideline: Establishment of standardized baselines for afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM”.

Bottom-up

A proponent may propose a standardized baseline through the DNA of the Party for which the standardized baseline is proposed.

Top-down

SBL initiated by the Board (proposal by secretariat following the receipt of an expression of interest by the DNA(s) of a Party(ies).

Two routes to SBLs

• Submit using an approved methodology, tool or SB guidelines. • For any other approach, use the submission procedure for PNM

or revision of methodology/tool. • Who can submit? through DNA

ü Partiesü PPsü International industry organizationsü Admitted observer organizations For submission by group

of Parties, the approval of all DNAs is required, and any one of DNAs can submit and act as focal point.

SBL process – bottom - up

• Documentation required for submission:

ü The duly completed “Proposed standardized baseline

submission form” (CDM-PSB-FORM)

ü Assessment report, and

ü Letter of approval from DNA(s)

ü Additional documentation supporting submission (e.g. relevant

data and documents including a quality control report,

statistics, studies, etc.)

SBL process – bottom - up

SBL process – assessment report

Ø Assessment report by:

• DOE contracted by DNA, or

• Secretariat (up to first 3) submissions for

o Under represented Party

o Group of Parties, where all Parties are under represented.

Ø The DNA of under represented Party may decide to omit the submission (up to first 3) of assessment report, in such cases Secretariat will prepare the same.

Ø No fee is payable for SB submission.

• SBL initiated by the Board (proposal by secretariat following the receipt of an expression of interest by the DNA(s) of a Party(ies) using an approved methodology, tool or SB guidelines.

• DNA(s) submits:• DSB development agreement (CDM-DSBA-

FORM)• Secretariat prepares a draft development plan of the

DSB (CDM-DSBP-FORM), in consultation with the DNA(s)

• Secretariat prepares SB in accordance with the development plan.

SBL process – top - down

SBL Process – revision, clarification and update

• Revision:

• Submitted by a proponent, through DNA (with forms, revised SB, LoAs, assessment report, if applicable) – bottom up

• Decided by Board – top down

• Clarification:

• Submitted by proponents, DNA, DOE or any other stakeholder (using form)

• DNA is notified of the receipt of the request for clarification

• Decided by Board to issue clarification

• Update:

• Submitted by a proponent, through DNA (with forms, updated SB, LoAs, assessment report, if applicable)

• Submission between 270 to 180 days prior to the date when the validity of the current standardized baseline expires

• Applicable to collection, processing, compilation and reporting of data needed for the SBs.

o DNAs develop or validate the datasets used for the establishment of standardized baselines;

o DOEs assess the quality of the data management system of the DNA rather than checking the quality of a specific set (or sets) of data.

o Project participants or other entities (Parties as well as international industry organizations or admitted observer organizations) develop standardized baselines.

QA-QC guidelines

• QA/QC Guidelines include the quality control (QC) procedures for assessing the quality of a given datasets and the quality assurance (QA) procedures for ensuring the overall quality of the datasets.

• The guidelines establishes data quality objectives to be achieved by QA/QC system established by DNA.

• The guidelines describes the general provisions that QA/QC system must have.

• The guidelines establishes the requirement of documentation needed.

QA-QC guidelines (cont.)

Data quality issues and QA/QC aspects

Key lessons learned on QC/QA of data• No assessment report: No assessment report required for the SBs

where no data collection/processing required (e.g. LFG destruction SBs).

• Data templates: Very important for DNA to get converse with. This decides the quality of data collected.

• Stakeholder consultation and transparency: There can be various means adopted for this including direct meetings, inviting written comments, communication through DNA webpage etc.

• QA/QC system: Although recommended to be available in documented form, minimum requirement is that DNA should be able to justify the adherence to quality objectives of QA/QC guideline.

• QC report: QC report is the key for DNA to explain how they comply with QA/QC objectives.

• RCC Bangkok provides following support:

a) Capacity building of DNA and relevant national stakeholders

b) Direct technical support to develop, revise or update the SB

c) Facilitate the expression of interest process for top-down

d) Provide clarification tounderstand the issuesidentified by DOEs

RCC support

Email address: RCCBangkok@unfccc.intSkype: RCC.Bangkok

Office address:IGES Regional Centre

604 SG Tower 6th Floor, 161/1 Soi Mahadlek Luang 3;Rajdamri Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

…next:

The Grid Emission Factor

Session 1b: Overview of SBL development

Developing standardized baseline based on grid emission factors

CDM Training Workshop for DNAs in CambodiaPhnom Penh, Cambodia, 4 April 2019

Overview of session

• SBL for power sector: Grid Emission Factor

• Use of GEF (examples)

• Experiences with GEF SBL development

Baseline in the context of power sector (RE and EE)

Grid Connected Projects

• What would have happened in the absence of project intervention:

a) the baseline scenario is the operation of grid-connected power plants and the addition of new generation sources – in the absence of intervention

b) Emission factor (tCO2/MWh) serving as a performance indicator applicable to multi-project

What is the Grid emission factor (GEF) ?

Baseline

• One of the most useful emission factors is the grid emission factor or “combined” emission factor.

• Represents baseline emission intensity (tCO2/MWh) of an electricity system (grid).

• It represents the CO2 emission from grid-connected power plants —those currently operating and those that are expected to be built.

• Determines baseline emissions of a project:

o supplies electricity to a grid - renewable energy

o results in savings of grid electricity - energy efficiency

Use of Grid Emission Factor

Use of GEF

1. Design: energy planning

2. Develop: implementation of energy plans

3. Analyze: are national targets met?

Analysis based on:

ØGrid emission factor

ØGHG emissions per sector

ØGHG emissions per capita

Use of GEF

Baseline

q Mandatory application - CDM project activities and PoA

q Voluntary used by some IFIs - Climate (Carbon) Finance

q Voluntary in Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

Emission reduction calculations (3 MW Wind Project) : Only for Illustration

• Emission reduction (ER) =(Baseline emissions (BE) – Project emissions (PE)) * Grid EF

• PE = 0• BE = …

Determined as the net electricity delivered to a grid in year y by the project = 5256 MWh

• ERy = 5256 MWh * 0.6 tCO2/MWh = 3153 tCO2 /y

• Carbon credit: 4 USD/tCO2 x 3153 * tCO2/y = 15768 USD /y

Emission reduction calculations for Energy Eff. Project:

• "#$%%$&' ()*+,-$&'. (tCO2/y)

=89: ;<9=>? @ABC<>D(EFℎ)×IJ$* )#$%%$&' KL,-&JD(E> MNO/EFℎ)

(1 − R&TUVWWXW,D)

• Z)- "')J[. %L\$'[%. = ]A^9_C< EF –a=bc EF ×bd9=A:C<> ℎbe=

• Grid emission factor ?

Example grid emission factor (approved for the Dominican Republic)

Country Status Grid EF (tCO2/MWh)

Belize approved 0.1521The Dominican Republic approved 0.4887Grenada, Grenada approved 0.634Grenada, Carriacou approved 0.675Grenada, Petit Martinique approved 0.890St Lucia WIPGuyana WIPSuriname WIPAntigua and Barbuda WIPSt Vincent and Grenadines WIPHaiti WIP

Experience of developing standardized baselines based on grid emission factors

Outline

• Turning GEF into approved

• DNA role

• Required data

• RCC assistance

Turn GEF into approved SBL

• 20+ DNAs in AP

published GEF;

• One GEF in AP has

become approved

• Improve reliability;

• Can be used for

not only CDM, but

NAMAs, INDCs,

GCF proposals, etc.

Approved standardized baselines (examples)

Grid emission factor for the Southern African power pool

Grid emission factor for the Republic of Uzbekistan

Grid emission factor for the Belize national power grid

Grid emission factor for the national power grid of Uganda

Grid emission factor for the electricity system of the Republic of Armenia

Emission factors for central grid and regional mini-grids of the Gambia

Grid emission factor for the Dominican Republic

Rwanda grid emission factor

Grid emission factor of Mauritius

Grid emission factor of Sao Tome and Principe

Grid emission factor for the Republic of Sudan

Grid emission factor

East Asia: China, Republic of Korea, DPR Korea, Mongolia

Southeast Asia: Viet Nam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Laos and Thailand, Singapore, Myanmar and China

South Asia: Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and India, Bhutan, India

Pacific: Fiji, Papua New Guinea

Grid emission factor Mongolia

The role of DNA

Definitions requiring DNAs proactive role:

• Clear definition of a grid system.

• Identification of all power plants connected to the system.

• Identification of interconnections with other grids.

How is a Grid Emission Factor calculated ?

• Methodological Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system. (Tool 7 Ver. 7)

Data Issues - DNA Role:• Data requirement varies depending on the approach to calculate CM.• Identification of low cost/must run resources in the host country.• Electricity generation data for all grid connected power plants and off

grid plants (if chooses to include).• Identification of all CDM power plants connected to the grid system

and their inclusion in the sample group for OM and exclusion for BM.• Fuel type consumed in connected power plants and total fuel

consumption.• CO2 emission factor of each power unit.• Efficiency of each power plant / Technology of power plant• Number of hours low-cost/must run units are on margin in year Y• … (+others depending on approach)

Required data

Commissione

Fuel Type Technology

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

Plant 1 XXXX XXXX XXXX Lignite Coal - Subcritical XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 6 XXXX CDM XXXX XXXX Wind XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 7 XXXX XXXX XXXX Import XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 8 XXXX CDM XXXX XXXX Hydro XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 9 XXXX XXXX XXXX Import XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 10 XXXX CDM XXXX XXXX Hydro XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 11 XXXX XXXX XXXX Diesel Oil - Open cycle XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 12 XXXX XXXX off-grid Hydro XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Plant 19 XXXX XXXX off-grid Solar XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

System 2

Fuel consumption for electricity

generation (t, mass or volume)Net electricity generation (MWh)

Name of

Unit/country

projects

Installed

Capacity

System 1

Installed

transmission

line capacity

Electricity

system

System 4

System 3

The role of DNA

• CDM-PSB-Form (Version 3.0): Proposed Standardized Baseline Submission Form

• GEF calculation sheet

Ø Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system

Ø Table to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system (excel sheet)

• GEF report

• Quality control report

RCC assistance

• Let us know your interest (other sectors)

Ø Prioritize those countries that had less than 10 CDM projects and activities as of 31 December, 2010

• Check the completeness of data

• Support the calculation of GEF as well as the preparation of the GEF report and CDM-PSB Form

• Support the whole process of submission until approval

References• Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system:

https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-tool-07-v5.0.pdf/history_view

• NDC registry: http://unfccc.int/focus/ndc_registry/items/9433.php

• Standardized baselines (GEF approved by UNFCCC): https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/standard_base/index.html

• CDM projects database: https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/projsearch.html

• Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. List of GEFs: https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/list-grid-emission-factor

• NAMA registry: http://unfccc.int/cooperation_support/nama/items/7476.php

• IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html

Email address: RCCBangkok@unfccc.intSkype: RCC.Bangkok

Office address:IGES Regional Centre

604 SG Tower 6th Floor, 161/1 Soi Mahadlek Luang 3;Rajdamri Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system

Yuqing Ariel Yu Deputy DirectorIGES Regional Centre;Programme ManagerRegional Collaboration Centre for Asia and the Pacific

Training Workshop on SBL and GEFPhnom Penh, Cambodia

Outline

• Overview of the Methodological Tool (Tool 7 Ver. 7)

• The GEF data template

• The checklist of documents to be submitted

Introduction

• Tool 7 determines the CO2 emission factor for the displacement of electricity generated by power plants in an electricity system, by calculating the Combined Margin (CM) emission factor of the electricity system.

Scope• CM= the weighted average of two emission factors:

Ø Operating Margin (OM): EF of existing power plants whose current electricity generation would be affected by the proposed CDM activity.

Ø Build Margin (BM): EF of prospective power plants whose construction and future operation would be affected by the proposed CDM activity.

Applicability • Can be calculated

Ø Either for grid power plants onlyØ Or include off-grid power plants

v The total capacity of off-grid power plants (in MW) should be at least 10 per cent of the total capacity of grid power plants in the electricity system;

v The total generation by off-grid power plants (in MWh) should be at least 10 per cent of the total electricity generation by grid power plants in the electricity system

v Factors which negatively affect the reliability and stability of the grid are primarily due to constraints in generation and not to other aspects such as transmission capacity.

Procedure• Step 1: Identify the relevant electricity systems• Step 2: Choose whether to include off-grid power plants in

the project electricity system (optional)• Step 3: Select a method to determine OM• Step 4: Calculate the OM emission factor according to the

selected method• Step 5: Calculate the BM emission factor• Step 6: Calculate the CM emission factor

Step 1: Identify the relevant electricity systems (1)

Mongolia has five connected electricity systems: • Central Energy System (CES, 836 MW

capacity)• Western Energy System (WES, 12

MW capacity)• Eastern Energy System (EES, 38.25

MW capacity)• Altai-Uliastai Energy System (AUES,

38 MW capacity)• Southern (Gobi) Energy system (SES,

24 MW capacity)• Mongolia’s national electricity grid

includes all the power plants (excluding off-grid power plants) in the five electricity systems (CES-WES-AUES-EES-SES) as well as electricity imports from Russia.

Figure 1. Mongolia’s electricity systemsSource: Ministry of Energy, Mongolia (2015)

Step 1: Identify the relevant electricity systems (2)

• The CES system covers the central part of the country and includes five thermal power plants (CHP2, CHP3, CHP4, Darkhan, and Erdenet CHP) and one wind farm (Salkhit Wind Farm). It also imports electricity from Russia by 220 kV overhead transmission lines, under the condition that it exports back to Russia during off-peak time.

• The AUES consists of on-grid and off-grid power plants. On-grid power plants include one hydropower plant (Taishir HPP) and several diesel power plants such as Uliastai, Tosontsengel, Esunbulag, and smaller diesel power plants. Off-grid power plants, which are several hydropower plants (Bogdiin, Guulin, Galuutai, Khungui, and Tosontsengel) and one solar PV plant, are excluded from this calculation.

• The WES system has one hydro power plant (Durgun HPP) and imports electricity from the CES system and Russia by 110 kV transmission lines. The western region within the WES system also imports electricity from China through 35 kV transmission lines. However, since imports from China are only locally transmitted in the western area and are not connected to the WES system, imports from China are not included in this calculation.

Step 2: Whether to include off-grid power plants

(optional)

• The option to include off-grid power generation in the grid emission factor

aims to reflect that in some countries off-grid power generation is

significant and can partially be displaced by CDM project activities that are

if off-grid power plants are operated due to an unreliable and unstable electricity grid.

• Including off-grid can not be selected for BM EF only, but can be for

determining (1) OM EF or (2) both OM and BM EF.

Definition: Off-grid power plants

• A contract specifying the service between the power plant and the isolated user

• A grid (or grids) capable of supplying power to specific consumer(s) to which the off-grid facility is connect must exist

• The off-grid facility is not connected to the grid(s) and cannot supply power to the grid(s), but only to the consumer(s) to which it is connect

• Under normal conditions, the consumer(s) are supplied their power requirements from the grid only, that is the off-grid plant(s) which is connected to the consumer(s) is a standby on-site facility(ies) that is only used when power supply from the grid fails

• To ensure a proper shift from the grid supply to the off-grid supply, the consumer has in place a change-over-switch system

Step 3: The method to calculate OM

Step 3: Raw data

Consistency:(1) Auxiliary

consumption enormously high or low;

(2) Gross=net

Traceability: Reference documents from the utility or government records or official publications should be submitted.

Step 3: Data TemplateEl

Gross generation Net generation

Fuel consumption

Step 3: Method to calculate OM EF

Step 4: Calculation of OM EF (1)

Step 4: Calculation of OM EF (2)

Step 5: Calculation of BM EF

Step 5: Calculation of BM EF (1)

1. SET5units and AEGSET-5-units: The 5 most recent power units (excluding CDM) are CHP4, ERDENET CHP, Dalanzadgad CHP, Tosontsengel Diesel, and Ukhaa Khudag CHP. The net electricity generation of these five power units in 2015 was 251,179 MWh.

2. AEGtotal and 20% AEGtotal: CHP4, which is the fifth recently operating plant, dominates3. The set of units that comprise 20 per cent of total electricity is the same as the 5

most recent units. Since SET5-units is the same as SET≥20 per cent, SET5-units is identified as SETsample.

4. To exclude the plants that are older than 10 years, three plants (CHP4, Erdenet CHP, and Dalanzadgad) were excluded from SETsample.; and three CDM projects (Salkhit Wind, Taishir HPP, and Durgun HPP) were included instead. The resulting set (SETsample-CDM) did not comprise 20% of AEGtotal.

5. To reach 20% of AEGtotal, the older plants are included in SETsample-CDM. It was until CHP4 was included that annual electricity comprised more than 20% of AEGtotal. Therefore, the resulting set (SETsample-CDM>10 yrs) included three CDM projects and 5 most recent power units.

Step 6: Calculation of CM EF

Based on 2013-2015 data, the following values of the combined margin emission factor of the main grid can be applied:0.871 tCO2/MWh for solar and wind projects for all crediting periods;0.859 tCO2/MWh for all other projects for the first crediting period;0.846 tCO2/MWh for all other projects for the second and third crediting period.

Data templates

• IGES’s template: Ø StraightforwardØ Minimum data requirementØ Need to decide the method to calculate OM

• UNFCCC’s template:Ø Generic Ø Looks complex at the first sight

• These two templates are similar in nature. DNA can select either one.

Checklist

1. CDM-PSB-Form (Proposed standardized baseline submission form)2. (1) Raw data sheet

(2) Official letter from the raw data provider (3) English translation

3. (1) Data template(2) The GEF calculation sheet(3) The GEF calculation report

4. QC report5. Public consultation report6. Responses to findings and solutions

Contact RCC Bangkok for Questions and Inquiries

RCC Bangkok RCCBangkok@unfccc.intJens Radschinski jradschinski@unfccc.intYi Ying (Eve) Lee y.lee@iges.or.jpYuqing (Ariel) Yu yu@iges.or.jp

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