Sixteenth -century Europe

Sixteenth-century EuropeReligious Change

PoliticalChange

EconomicChange

IntellectualChange

Europe 1350-1600

• European economy became more commercial• Stronger governments began to appear and feudalcontrols weakened• Culture began to shift away from traditional religious values

What do you remember about the Renaissance?

The Dawn of the Renaissance

Medieval vs. Renaissance Art

Economic ChangeSocial Change

Raphael: 1483-1520“The School of Athens”

Plato

Aristotle

Michaelangelo

Ptolemy

Raphael

Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519“Mona Lisa”

Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519“The Last Supper” 1498

The Spread of

the Printing

Press:

Johann Gutenberg

1468

Effects?The Age of Reason?

§ Church corruption

§ Nationalism (pride in one’s nation)

§ Papal need for money = unfair taxes and indulgences (pardons issued by priest to reduce time in purgatory)

§ Printing Press + Vernacular + 95 Theses = Reform

Causes of the Reformation?

Religious Change

Chapter 15 Section 3

The Protestant Reformation

St. Peter’s Basilica

Indulgences

An indulgence, 1517, Translation: With the Authority of all Saints and with mercy for you, I free you of all sins and crimes and excuse you from all punishments for ten days - Johann Tetzel

"When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Purgatory?

The Spread of Lutheranism

Martin Luther1483-1546

“Justification By Faith Alone”

Salvation Through Grace

82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a Church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial.“

86. Again: -- "Why does not the pope, whose wealth is to-day greater than the riches of the richest, build just this one church of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with the money of poor believers?"

Luther’s Message:1.God’s grace can not be won by good works.2.Faith alone was needed3.Only head of Catholic Church was Jesus, not the pope4.Individual Christians should be their own Bible interpreters5.Christian practices should come only from the Bible

Reaction of the CHURCH?

1. Martin Luther is excommunicatedBy Pope Leo X2. Summoned to Diet of Worms 1521 byHR Emperor Charles V (Edict of Worms condemns Luther)

“Unless I am convicted (convinced) of errorby the testimony of Scripture…I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, nor open to us.” Luther’s Idea’s continued to spread

Protestants? Ulrich Zwingli? = theocracy (too radical/died in battle)

The Peasant Revolt - 1525

75,000Peasants

Killed

John Calvin’s World in the 16c

Doctrine of Predestination= God knows who will be saved

even before you are born(man was evil so needed strict

discipline)(goal was to make world fit for

the “elect”)

Protestantism Spreads to England

(page 453)

King Henry VIII1491-1547

Queen Elizabeth I1558-1603

Religious Conflict

King Henry VIII:•Catherine of Aragon (daughter = Mary)•Needed a male heir AND fell in love with Anne Boleyn•Wanted an annulment/ pope said NO•(Catherine’s nephew = HR Emperor Charles V)•Henry summoned Reformation Parliament•Closes Catholic monasteries/ distributes wealth•1534 Act of Supremacy = Henry becomes head of the Church of England

•Married Anne Boleyn (daughter = Elizabeth)

Edward VI (son of Henry VIII andJane Seymour) assumes the throne at age 9 when Henry VIII dies- he himself dies at 16

Mary I (daughter of Catherine and Henry VIII)

Returned England to the authority of the Pope – burned Protestants at the stake

Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII andAnne Boleyn) assumes the throne upon death of “Bloody”Mary I

(5th and last Tudor Monarch)Reigned from 1558-1603

1559 Supremacy Act = England again splitsfrom Rome

Homework questions from c 15 sec 3?Cause and Effect Visual - TOMORROW IN CLASSC 15 sec 3 Sensory Figure

Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church.

Their work turned back the tide of

Protestantism in some areas and renewed the

zeal of Catholics everywhere

Religious Transformation

Chapter 15 Section 4

The Counter- Reformation

Monk Girolamo Savonarola“Bonfire of the Vanities”

St. Ignatius of Loyola(The Jesuits)

Goals:•Obedience to Church•Renewal of Church’s spirituality•Concentrated on education

Accomplishments:•Schools and Universities•Missionary activity• Knowledge of other cultures

REFORMS?• Delegates addressed abuses• Reforms addressed corruption of the clergy• Training of priests were regulated/ schools established• Financial abuses checked• Publish Bible in vernacular• SALE OF INDULGENCES ABOLISHED

Pope Paul III

Individual faith

NO ROLE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL: YOU NEED PRIESTS

Mary Ward:The first sister of feminism

She threw off her habit and put women on the stage

St Teresa of Avila:Most famous female

spiritual leaderFollowed own strict rules

Deep spirituality

The Great Witch Hunt

Germany =3,229 witches killed (burned)Swiss Confederation = 5,417 witches killed (burned)Estimated 60,000 killed in total , 95% of them women

Reasons?? Explain misfortune, misogyny, eliminating non-conformists, rising role of women

The Spanish Inquisition 1478-1576…Muslim?

Jew?Protestant?

~ 2000 killed

What methods did the Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism?

NOTEBOOKSDue on M 10/10

C 15 Free Choice Assignment and C 15 title pageDue on M 10/10

TEST C 15sec 3 and 4FRIDAY 10/780 Points

REVIEW in class tomorrow

1. What did Wycliffe and Hus dislike about the Church?

2. What were Martin Luther’s beliefs?

3. How did the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor react to Luther?

4. Why and how did Henry VII break from the Catholic Church?

Cause and Effects of the Protestant Reformation??

FIND THISCHART

C 15 sec 3 REVIEW

1. What did Wycliffe and Hus dislike about the Church?

2. What were Martin Luther’s beliefs?

W (theologian) -church should give up worldly possessions-his views were VERY unpopular with Church officials-he was removed from his teaching duties

H (Bohemian priest) -disliked immorality and worldliness-excommunicated in 1412- later found guilty of heresy- burned at the stake

• Justification by Faith alone• Only head of Church was Jesus• Individual Christians should be their OWN interpreters of the Bible• Bible should be translated in the VERNACULAR• End sale of indulgences

3. How did the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor react to Luther?

4. Why and how did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?

1520: Luther was excommunicated

1521: Luther summoned before HRE Charles V at Diet of WormsHis writings were condemnedHe was declared an outlaw

1529: Lutheran German princes issues a PROTESTation against these measures

- Wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, HRE Charles V’s aunt

-Called a Reformation Parliament- declared England no longer under th authority of the Pope

- Said he was now head of the Church of England and closed Catholic monasteries and redistributed their wealth to the people of England to encourage their support for his actions

Find a textbook and work ONE PARTNER:

Read the section: Religious and Social Effects page 458Take notes on the three bold sections:

Changes in ReligionPersecution and Hysteria

Political Effects

Leave room to add notes when we share answers

3 bulleted pieces of information should be enough per topicPrepare to share

Changes in Religion

• Protestants break away and form several factions

• Renewed zeal for Catholic faith led by Jesuits• Jesuits soften harsh rule of church• However, persecution of non-Catholics =

the Spanish Inquisition

• Religious wars break out • Peasant's War in HRE• Martin Luther denounces the violent reaction

to his ideas• Eventual religious freedom =

Peace of Augsburg, Edict of Nantes

RELIGIOUS WARS/ The Italian Wars

1494: King Charles VIII of France invaded ItalySpain and England also became involved

Finally = SACK of Rome by HRE Charles V in 1527

WHY?

Consequences:•Italian Renaissance spread throughout Europe•Peasants unhappy with high taxes = Peasant’s War•Luther’s refusal to side with peasants preventedreligious wars from starting social reform/ equality

Spain = 130 shipsEngland = 150 ships

Persecution and Hysteria

• Jews and Muslims viewed as heretics = migration of these groups into E and S Europe

• Educated Jews who converted, stayed in Spain• Witch hunts/ torture• Poor harvests, turmoil contributed to the

hysteria over witches• Eventually thousands were killed in W Europe

between 1580 and 1660 (mostly women)

Political Effects

• Formation of independent states and nations• Nationalism grew• Rulers and merchants wanted the church to be

less involved in their affairs

• Political power became separated from religion

HRE Charles V wants to reverse rise of Protestantism1546 started a war against the German princes Enthusiasm died = Peace of Augsburg 1555

German princes can chose their own religion (Catholicism or Lutheranism)Subject people had no voice….

Henry IV of NavarreEdict of Nantes 1598?? Hugenots!

Question authoritarianPower (HRE)

Religious toleration eventually

Catholic Church is no longer THE authority in Europe

Power of individual thought

Power of individual curiosity

NationalismSale of Indulgences for St. Peter’s Basilica

John Gutenberg Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola Peasants’ War95 Theses Elizabeth IJohn Calvin Counter-ReformationPredestination IndulgencesHenry VIII St. Peter’s BasilicaAct of Supremacy Teresa of AvilaAnnuled Spanish InquisitionMartin Luther HRE Charles VJesuits Peace of Augsburg 1555Purgatory Edict of Nantes 1598Protestant Reformation HugenotsNationalism TheocracyIndex of Forbidden Books

27

TEST C 15 sec 3 and sec 4 = FRIDAY 10/780 points

Short Answer Questions: Free Choice =MONDAY 10/10

1. Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day.

2. What were the effects of the Reformation in England? How did the royal family in particular respond?

3. What methods did the Catholic Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism? Were they successful? Why or why not?

4.What reforms were made in the Catholic Church and why were these reforms agreed upon by church officials? What were the effects of these reforms?