Smart Water treatment Solutions New Low cost options for safe water at the Point of Use World Water...

Smart Water treatment Solutions

New Low cost options for safe water at thePoint of Use

World Water Forum 6Marseille 2012

Henk HoltslagHoltslag.dapper@kpnmail.nl

1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp2 Distance > 500 meter3 Quality - Turbidity,mud, ..

- Microbial, bacteria, viruses,.. - Chemical, arsenic, fluor,..

* 84% in rural areas (UNICEF 2009)

** Failing piped systems, recontamination in transport, at the house

(IFC /world bank report, 2009)

0.7 Bln people without a safe water source* 3 Bln do not have safe water from utilities **

Problems & challenges

More water?Harvest rainwater

Aquifer recharge- Sand, contour dams- Vegetation, Vertiver- Tube recharge, $10/500m3

Rooftop harvesting- Wire cement tanks: $20/m3- Plastic lined tank

Reduce distance?

Repair existing pumps - 50% of piston pumps broken

Upgrade hand dug wells - with a recharge, cover, low cost

hand pump

New water points - with pumps, low cost drilling

Emas,Rota sludge, Baptist Jetting, $ 150 – 2000 /syst.

Safe drinking water?Treat water at Point of Use (PoU)- Re-contamination between source & use

- 50% hospitalbeds due to unsafe water,..

- Safe water most

cost-effective

action to reduce

poverty

Proposition

To reduce water borne diseases it is more cost- effective to treat water at the Point of Use than at the source, via piped systems

7

Efficiency of measures against diarrhoea (source: SIE 2009)

Point of Use treatment1 Point of Tap

2 Household Water Treatment and Safe storage (HWTS)

Point of Tap

- Water kiosks

- Chlorine dispensors A drop of chlorine at

the tap point

Local Chlorine production

WATASOLUsers; over 0.5 MillionPrice; $0.3 - $ 1.0 Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5

+- Extremely low costs- Local business development- Re-use of bottles- Can be used as disinfectant

-- Requires much training

Point of Use Treatment. Point of Use Treatment. HWTS HWTS Disinfectant/FlocculantUsers; 1 mln.?Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.) Cost; $5 - $10

+- 2 functions- Small - Easy transport in emergencies- Low investment/day

-- High cost/year- Not easy in use

Twinoxide/ Aqua prove

Users; 0,2 mln.Price ; $1Cost; $2- $4

+- No taste, no smell - No health effects- “Prevents” malaria ?

-- Twinoxide (liquid) has short shelve life (Aqua prove, with tablet, has a long shelve life)

Silverdyne

Users; 9 mln.Price; $3 - $4Cost; $1 - $3

+- Very effective- No taste & smell- No environmental effects - Ten years shelf life- Long lasting effect in storage

-- Not widely known

Plation

Users; 0.5 ? mln.

Price; $20/unit/20ltr

Cost; $4 - $6

+

- Extremely simple

- Functions one year

-

- High costs

Safe storage

Silver tube, Clay barSilver impregnated ceramic

Users; 1000Price; $1 - $5 Cost; $0.2 - $1

+ - Simple - Low cost- Local production

-- More tests needed

Biosand filters

Users; 1-2 mln.Price; $20- $30 Cost; $1- $ 2

+- 120 liters/day - Local production

- - Big, heavy to transport- Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops- Needs additional disinfection

Candle Filters (drip filters)

Users; 200 - 300? Mln.Price; $15 - $100Cost; $ 2 - $10

+- Includes storage- Easy to use- Widely used in Asia & S. America

-- Most models low filter capacity- Most cheap models not reliable - High volume, high transport costs- Cost in Africa > $30

Candle filters

Stefani (Brazil)

• Cost in Mozambique $30 - $100 • Production 5 million candles/year

Nazava FiltersLocal assembly

Low cost concept

Imported filter element & local containers

-Filter cap 3- 20 ltr /hr-Cost: 9 - .. US$

Pot filters

Users; 5 – 10 mln. Price; $12 – $22 Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3

+- Local production- Easy to use

-- Big, fragile (transport)- Less attractive for shops

Pureit As safe as boiled water

Users; 20-30 mln. Price; $35Cost; $4 - $5

+

- Attractive

- Very effective, EPA std.

-

- Expensive for poor families

- Only in India

Swach

Users; 1-2 mln?Price; $20?Cost; $2 - $3

+- Attractive (Gadget)- Effective

-- Only available in India

LifeStraw-Family

Users; 6? Mln.Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ?

+- Attractive (Gadget)- Very effective, EPA std.

-- High filling point, 2ltr. cap.- After 15.000 ltr. complete new filter needed - Expensive for poor families

Siphon filter (Tulip )

Users; 1 mln.Price; $8 - $16Cost; $1- $2

+- Small, easy transport- 7000 ltr / element- 60-120 ltr / day- Reduction bact. 99,99%

-- Relatively complicated in use - Requires additional storage container

No option is ‘the’ solution

•

SODIS

UV

Combined Chemical (PUR)

Chemicals

Filtering

Boiling

PesticidesParasitesBacteriaVirusesHeavy Metals

Turbidity

Comparison of 4 Home Water treatment options for Africa in US$

Green = good. Orange = medium Red = bad

Variable Siphon filter Family lifestraw

filter Chlorine Boiling

Price /100 litre ( no subsidy)* 0,10 0, 20 -0,25 ? 0,02 - 0,06**

0 – 4 ***

Price FOB 4,5 8 – 12 ? n.a. n.a.

Average retail price in shop ( no subsidy )

10

25 -30 ?

0,20 - 0,60* bottle for 1000 l

n.a

Cost/ family/year 4 Needs 2 containers

7,5 – 11 Needs 1 container

1,8 – 2,2 Needs 1 container

0 – 200

Bacteria removal Log 4-5 Log 5-6 Log 5 to 6 Log 5-6

Virus removal 50 – 80% 100% 100%irussesxxx

Parasites removal All All

No Giardia, Crypto- sporidium

?

Turbidity removal All All None None

Residual effect Months (Colloidal silver)

Some Few days None

Taste Some Improvement Some Improvement Strong Flat

Daily production of safe water 50-100 l 70-150 l n.a. n.a.

Operation & maintenance

- User friendly 6. - Enough for 1 family. - Backwash complicated - Immediate use - Fill up every 10 to 20 liters - Requires existing - Training needed.

- User friendly 5 - Enough for 1 family - Back wash complicated - Immediate use - Has to be filled up every 2 liters - Filling 1.8 m high - Training needed

-User friendly 7 -Difficult to dose. - Waiting 30min. before drinking. - Some training needed

User friendly 8 No training needed

Life span Change element after 7000 l Plastic parts last 5 years.

Change complete filter after 15.000 l

n.a. n.a.

Sustainability New filter element 2.5 Euro. Affordable to the poorest.

Unlikely that poor buy a new filter after 3 years.

Need to buy new bottle regulary. Some times difficult.

CO2 emission by wood. Indoor pollution

* Depends on fuel prices. Needed 1 kg/ liter. Cost in Uganda for boiling 1 liter, 0,04US$ ** Based on retail prices as indicated and 15000 liters of filtered water *** Depending which type of Chlorine, for instance Watasol produces chlorine very cheap **** In scale 1 to 5. 1 is not , 5 is very user friendly References: “Marketing safe water systems” U Heierli Aug 2008 (P. 98). Test report Water Laboratory Holland Noord. Website Family Lifestraw. Website and manuals of PSI.

Of all options, filters most Of all options, filters most effective in reducing diarhoea & effective in reducing diarhoea & preferred by userspreferred by users

Summary of EffectivenessSummary of Effectiveness——All agesAll ages

p=0.08p=0.080.58 to 0.820.58 to 0.8231%31%0.690.69Flocc/DisinfFlocc/Disinf (ex (ex DoocyDoocy))

21%21%

52%52%

31%31%

37%37%

63%63%

47%47%

27%27%

% % ΔΔ

(1(1--RR)RR)

p<0.0001p<0.00010.20 to 1.160.20 to 1.160.480.48FloccFlocc/Disinfection (7)/Disinfection (7)

n.an.a ..0.61 to 1.030.61 to 1.030.790.79Improved Storage (1)Improved Storage (1)

p=0.73p=0.730.63 to 0.740.63 to 0.740.690.69Solar Disinfection (2)Solar Disinfection (2)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.52 to 0.750.52 to 0.750.630.63Chlorination (16)Chlorination (16)

p=0.56p=0.560.28 to 0.490.28 to 0.490.370.37Filtration (6)Filtration (6)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.39 to 0.730.39 to 0.730.530.53Household (32)Household (32)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.53 to 1.010.53 to 1.010.730.73Source (6)Source (6)

Heterogeneity*Heterogeneity*

(Chi(Chi--square)square)

95% CI of 95% CI of EstimateEstimate

EstimateEstimate

(random)(random)

Intervention Type Intervention Type

(no. trials)(no. trials)

*Note that in a test for heterogeneity, a low p-value (eg <0.10) suggests an actual underlying difference in effect between studies that is unlikely to be attributable to chance.

PoU Treatment can solve almost

all water quality problemsClear but unsafe water from wells, .. + disinfection = safe water

Dirty water from wells, rivers, pumps, . + a filter = safe water

Salt, Arsenicum,Pesticides, … ?

Rainwater storage + a filter = safe water

Scaling up?

Social marketing. Shift message from “Water = health” to Water = wealth”. Role NGOs, Governments. Large scale action; see Hystra study

Supply chain. Increase no. of options so people have choices, support local private sector

Payment options. For those who can not pay in one time. No gifts. Use subsidies for supply chains

Information ? “Marketing Safe Water Systems”

• Compares treatment options

• Explains what went wrong with upscaling

• Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs

A must read!!! www.poverty.ch

Author: Urs Heierli

Booklet Smart Disinfection Solutions

www.AKVO.org Wikipedia for water and

sanitation

Safe water for all, yes we can