Socialization and Deviance

Socialization and Deviance

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature vs. Nurture

What do the cases of Anna and Genie teach us about the effects of isolation in childhood?

What is Socialization?

Socialization

The lifelong social experience by which individuals develop human potential and learn patterns of their culture.

Why Socialization Is Important Teaches us ways to think, talk and

act that are necessary for social living.

Ensures that members of society are socialized to support the existing social structure.

Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True or False ? In the United States, full-day child

care often costs as much per year as college tuition at a public college or university.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True. Full-day child care typically costs

between $4,000 and $10,000 per child per year, which is as much or more than tuition at many public colleges and universities.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True or False? The cost of child care is a major

problem for many U.S. families.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True. Child care outside the home is a major

financial burden, particularly for the one out of every three families with young children but with an income of less than $25,000 a year.

Understanding the Socialization Process

Sigmund Freud Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Carol Gilligan George Herbert Mead with Cooley Erik H. Erikson

Understanding the Socialization Process In your group, make sure that each

member understands the contributions of the person you were assigned.

Develop a picture that illustrates the major contribution of that person to our understanding of human development.

Draw that picture on the board.

Understanding the Socialization Process Form new groups so that each person

from the board is represented. In your new group, take turns

explaining the contributions of the person your original group was assigned.

Explain the picture on the board. Make sure each member understand

the contributions these people made.

In your notebook

List the major forces that have shaped who you are today.

In your notebook

Draw a pie chart that illustrates the relative importance of those forces that have shaped who you are.

Major Agents of Socialization

FamilySchoolingPeer GroupMass Media

Agents of Socialization- Family

Family is the most important agent of socialization.

Unintentional socialization

Effects of class on how parents raise their children?

Agents of Socialization- School

Enlarges a child’s world Our technical world expanded time here Hidden curriculum Other effects?

School Profound effect on child’s self image,

beliefs and values – Give examples At school, you are evaluated and

compared Official record is kept of your school

grades and behavior How does this affect you?

School – Functionalist Persp Schools are responsible for:

Teaching students to be productive mbrs of society

Transmission of culture Social control and personal

development Selection, training and placement of

individuals

School – Conflict perspec.

Students have different experiences based on social class, race, gender, neighborhood

Give examples Teaching of the hidden curriculum –

children learn to be neat, on time, quiet, wait their turn, remain attentive

Socialized for the work force Middle class vs lower class and

expectations

Agents of Socialization- Peer group

Peers have interests, social position and age in common.

Identity apart from family and behavior free from adult supervision.

Peer groups Functions as an agent of socialization

by contributing to our sense of belonging

Freedom from parents and authority figures

Teach what is acceptable culturally Serve as a conduit for passing on

culture Give examples

Agents of Socialization- Mass Media

Radio, TV, Movies, Music, Magazines

TV in 98% of homes On for 7 hours per

day. Content of TV?

Violence? Liberal Media?

Are their other Agents of Socialization you would

like to discuss?

ReligionWorkMilitaryPrisonClubs

Consider How does each agent of socialization

differ from the others?

What happens when the influence of one agent of socialization is diminished?

Gender Role Socialization

Terms Sex- the biological distinction

between female and male.

Gender- the significance that a society attaches to biological categories of female and male. Masculine and Feminine.

What are some words we associate with each gender?

Gender and the agents of socialization

Look back over your life and considered how your gender has shaped your identity. How is your gender identity still informed

or affected by your experiences growing up?

How has your schooling played into your understanding of what it means to be a boy or a girl?

Have you ever been ridiculed for doing or saying something that others didn't consider "masculine" or "feminine"?

Gender and the agents of socialization

How do each of the following inform or affect your gender identity? Family School Peers Media

Does your behavior reinforce these ideas?

Magazine Assignment Discuss the magazines you read. List the values of the magazines that

were targeted towards men and the magazines targeted towards women.

Did the magazines you looked at reinforce gender roles or not? How?

How did you feel when you looked through the magazines?

Do these magazines have a positive or negative effect in society?

Gender role stereotypes in children’s commercials:

Commercials with boy models only were found to feature more away from home settings.

Commercials with girl models only were more likely to be set in the home.

Only boys were shown in anti-social behavior.

Girls in commercials show only socially acceptable behavior.

Tough question

If we are indeed shaped by society, evaluate whether an understanding of the socialization process makes one more or less free.

Socialization and the Life Course

Are you an adult?

How do you know?

What does it mean to be an adult?

“The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager”

Consider what it means to be a teenager and how this concept developed.

Deviance

Before we get started you should be familiar with the concept of cognitive dissidence.

cognitive dissidence

When presented with information that does not fit with your understanding, you have two choices:

1) Change the way you think2) Dismiss the new information

cognitive dissidence

Changing the way you think can be painful, but that is not enough reason to refuse to do it.

let’s proceed…

Keep in mind this question

How does the sociological explanation of deviance differ from the common sense notion that bad people do bad things?

What is Deviance?

Deviance

The recognized violation of cultural norms.

What are the Social Foundations of Deviance?

Social Foundations of Deviance

Deviance varies according to cultural norms.

Social Foundations of Deviance

Deviance varies according to cultural norms.

People become deviant as others define them that way

Social Foundations of Deviance

Deviance varies according to cultural norms.

People become deviant as others define them that way

Both rule making and rule breaking involves power.

Structural Functional Analysis of Deviance

Emile Durkheim

Robert Merton

Structural Functional Analysis- Durkheim What functions does deviance

serve?

Structural Functional Analysis- Durkheim What functions does deviance serve?

Affirms cultural norms and values. Responding to deviance clarifies

moral boundaries. Responding to deviance promotes

social unity. Deviance can encourage social

change.

Structural Functional Analysis- Merton’s Structural Strain Theory Societies have "goals"

guiding how life ought to be.

Society also instructs us as to the correct “means” to achieve those goals.

The scope and character of deviance depends on how well society provides the institutionalized means to achieve cultural goals

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory

"Success is a journey, not a destination."

Describe the goal of the American Dream and the legitimate means to achieve that goal.

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory

"Success is a journey, not a destination."

Let’s say that making $$$ is a goal of the American Dream.

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Conformity

Conformity- pursuing conventional goals through approved means.

How does this apply to the goal of making money?

Conformity- Bill Lumberghfrom “Office Space”

Conformity is the only model that is not deviant

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Innovation

Innovation- using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal.

How does this apply to the goal of making money?

Innovation- Peter Gibbons from “Office Space”

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Ritualism

Ritualism-abandon cultural goals but continue to act out the approved means.

How does this apply to the goal of making money?

Ritualism- Milton Waddams from “Office Space”

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Retreatism

Retreatism- reject both cultural goals and approved means. “drop out”

How does this apply to the goal of making money?

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Rebellion

Rebellion- rebels go beyond retreatism by advocating radical alternatives to the existing social order.

How does this apply to the goal of making money?

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory

Goals Means

Conformity Accept Accept

Innovation Accept Reject

Ritualism Reject Accept

Retreatism Reject Reject

Rebellion Replace Replace

Apply Merton’s Structural Strain Theory to school.

Goals Means

Conformity Accept Accept

Innovation Accept Reject

Ritualism Reject Accept

Retreatism Reject Reject

Rebellion Replace Replace

Symbolic Interaction Analysis of Deviance Labeling Theory

Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory

Hirshi’s Control Theory

Symbolic Interaction Analysis- Labeling Theory

The assertion that deviance and conformity result, not only from what people do, but from how others respond to those actions.

The same behavior may be defined in different ways.

Are you deviant if you speed but don’t get caught?

Symbolic Interaction Analysis- Labeling Theory

Primary deviance Secondary Deviance Stigma Retrospective Labeling Medicalization of Deviance

Significance?

S.I. Analysis- Sutherland’s Differential Association

A person’s tendency towards conformity or deviance depends upon relative contact with others who encourage conventional behavior versus those who do not.

S.I. Analysis- Hirshi’s Control Theory

Everyone finds some deviance tempting but there are four types of social control:

S.I. Analysis- Hirshi’s Control Theory

Everyone finds some deviance tempting but there are four types of social control: Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief

S.I. Analysis- Hirshi’s Control Theory Everyone finds some deviance tempting

but there are four types of social control: Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief

Apply this explanation to the Central Bucks 40 Assets Program

Social Conflict Analysis

Deviance and Power

Deviance and Capitalism

White-Collar Crime

In your notebook summarize the major principles of each topic and apply this theory to school:

Deviance and Power

Deviance and Capitalism

White-Collar Crime

Social Conflict- Deviance and Power

Norms reflect the interests of the rich and powerful

The powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels

Belief that laws are good and natural masks their political character.

Social Conflict- Deviance and Capitalism

People who threaten the property of others are prime candidates for deviant labels.

People who cannot or will not work are labeled deviant.

People who resist authority are labeled as deviant.

People who challenge the capitalist status quo are likely to be labeled deviant

Social Conflict- White Collar Crimes

Crimes committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations.

More likely to be tried in civil court rather than criminal court.

If convicted of criminal crimes they are less likely to go to jail.

Prevalence of WCC in the US

1. Credit Card Fraud

2. Embezzlement-State

3. Income Tax Fraud

4. Corporate Crime 5. Mail Fraud-

Federal

6. Computer Fraud 7. Bank Fraud-

Federal 8. Embezzlement-

Federal 9. Defrauding

Insurer 10. False

Advertising

Social Conflict- White Collar Crimes

The American business community lost $50 billion in 1980 to white-collar crime. This was nearly 10 times more than the monetary value of all forms of street crime.

Can also cause murder by neglect- pollution, product safet

Recently…

caption: Where our lying, cheating, stealing executives will most likely end up serving.

Deviance and Social Diversity

Deviance and GenderWhether people define a situation as deviance-and, if so, whose deviance it is- depends on the sex of both the audience and the actors.

Hate Crimes- a criminal act against a person or property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias.

Should there be federal hate-crimes legislation?

Crime and the Criminal Justice System

Crime is the violation of statues enacted into criminal law by a locality, state or the federal government.The Criminal Justice System is society’s formal response to crime

Crime

Components of Crime act and intent

Types of Crimeagainst the personagainst propertyvictimless crime

Criminals

According to the DOJ, the number of adults in the correctional population is increasing.

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, on June 30, 2001…

1,965,495 prisoners were under Federal or State jurisdiction.

472 prison inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents -- up from 292 at yearend 1990.

The United States has more people in prison than any other country in the World.

What is the profile of an average “street” criminal?

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, on June 30, 2001…

4,848 sentenced black male inmates per 100,000 black males in the United States

Compared to 1,668 sentenced Hispanic male inmates per 100,000 Hispanic males and

705 white male inmates per 100,000 white males.

Since 1989 there have been more federal drug cases than other cases.

Race and drug crimes 13 percent of regular drug users in this

country are black. 62.7 percent of drug offenders sent to

prison in 1996 were black, while 36.7 percent were white.

Nearly twice as many blacks are being imprisoned for drug offenses than are whites, even though there are five times more white drug users than black ones.

How can you explain the link between race and criminal prosecution?

Race and drug crimes Amount of powder cocaine needed to

trigger a federal 5-year mandatory minimum sentence: 500 grams

Amount of crack cocaine needed to trigger a federal 5-year mandatory minimum sentence: 5 grams

Blacks as percent of those arrested on crack charges: about 90

Whites as percent of those arrested on powder cocaine charges: 75

The Death Penalty

Since the death penalty was reinstated by the Supreme Court in 1976, white inmates have made up the majority of those under sentence of death.

However, a disproportionate number of blacks are sentenced to death.

Crime in a Global Perspective

Violent Crime in the United States is about five times of the rate in Europe.

ExplanationsIndividualityGun Ownership

The United States Leads the World in Firearm Violence

In 1998, 30,708 people in the United States died from firearm-related deaths.

In 1996, handguns were used to murder 2 people in New Zealand, 15 in Japan, 30 in Great Britain, 106 in Canada and 9,390 in the United States.

The Criminal Justice System

Reasons for Punishment

RetributionDeterrenceRehabilitationSocietal Protection

“The Prison Paradox”

Paradox- a statement that seems to contradict itself or conflicts with common sense but contains the truth.

“The Prison Paradox”

Explain the title of this article.

What does the author suggest about the effectiveness of prison and the best ways to deal with crime?

Punishment

How effective is punishment?

Criminal recidivism

Punishment- Criminal Recidivism

The US should focus more on punishment than rehabilitation of criminals.

Strongly Disagree

Strongly Agree

Somewhat Disagree

Somewhat Agree