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Biology:planted

Springgrowthfromcrownsandnodes

Althoughplantscanbekilledbyremovingonlytherootcrown,forthisstudywewereinterestedintheweight ofrootsproducedafteroneandtwoyearsgrowthonthefarm.

Aone-meterdiameterholewasdugaroundtherootcrownandallrootmaterialwasharvestedandbroughttothelaboratory.

Biology: RootNodules Becauseplantswereinoculatedwithnitrogen-^ixingRhizobium,wewerenotsurprisedto^indrootnodules,evenonadventitiousrootsfromstemnodes.

Ma#Frye

Biology: Roots Inthelaboratory,harvestedrootmaterialwaswashedclean,measuredandweighedafterdrying.Thisimagerepresentsrootmaterialfromaplantgrownforoneseason.

Biology:planted

Springgrowthfromcrownsandnodes

Biology: Roots Plantsgrownfortwoseasonsproducedmorerootbiomass.Therootcrownhasbeencircledinredtohighlight that cuttingbelow thisarea cankill theplant.

SomeResultsInourexperimentsweobservedthatheavydefoliationcouldsuppresskudzugrowth.Damagedplantsproducedlessabove-andbelowgroundbiomassandshortervines,makingkudzulessabletocompetewithotherplantsinnaturalareas.Repeated defoliationas awayof controllingkudzuhasbeenattemptedbymowing(cutting)andgrazingbygoats.

Control 75%LeafCutting

Frye& Hough-Goldstein2013

Can it bestopped? YES!Both onthe Universityof DelawareFarm,where35plantswere grownfor two years and allowed to rootatnodes,and atmyparentshome(withthehelpoffellow kudzuresearcherHeatherCoiner, PhD), kudzu hasbeeneradicatedbyremovingrootcrowns.Importantly,areaswhere kudzuhas beeneliminatedandsoilhasbeendisturbedaresubject toinvasionby other aggressive or alienspecies.Integratedweedmanagementpracticesthatcombinephysicalremoval,judiciousherbicideapplicationsand revegetation techniques canbe used to restore native plantcommunities(Lakeetal.2013).

AnoteaboutplantageUnliketrees,kudzuvinesdonotaddalayerofxylemandphloemeachyear.Therefore,several authorshaveconcludedthat growth“rings”cannotreliablybeusedtodeterminetheageofkudzuvines.

Ma#Frye

AnoteonkudzubiologicalcontrolInadditiontoresearchonthegrowthofkudzuinresponsetodamagetreatments,theHough-GoldsteinLabalsoinvestigatedtwopotentialbiologicalcontrolagentsfromChina(Fryeetal.2007).Despitevoraciousappetitesforkudzustems(O. tri8idus)andleaves(G.tredecimmaculata),bothinsectswereabletoreproduceonsoybeaninquarantinetrialsand were subsequentlyrejected as potentialbiologicalcontrolagents.

J.Hough-Goldstein

J.Hough-Goldstein

Ornatalcides (Mesalcidodes)tri8idus Gonioctena tredecimmaculata (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)

New BuginTownInOctober2009,anewstructure-invadingbugwasreportedinlargenumbersfromNortheastGeorgia.InsectspecimensweresenttotheUniversityofGeorgiaDiagnosticsLaboratoryandwereidenti^iedasthekudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Fabricus)(Hemiptera:Plataspidae).NativetoAsia,thekudzubugisaninvasiveinsectthatisrapidlyexpanding it’srange(seewww.kudzubug.org for currentdistribution).This insect isa nuisancepest that invadesstructuresinthefall,hasthepotential tofeedonseveralimportantlegumes,andisknowntoreducesoybeanyield.Kudzuisareservoirandbreedinghostofthisinsect,butfeedingbybugscanreducekudzubiomass.

Formoreonthekudzubug,see:Egeretal.2010,Suiter etal.2010,Zhangetal.2012,Ruberson etal.2013,Seiter etal.2013

Likeotheroverwintering pests, kudzu bugsinvadestructuresinthefall.Homeownerscankeepkudzubugsout bysealingcracksand crevices around windows,doors,utilitychases,ventsandfascia;replacedamagedscreensandremovewindowairconditioningunitsinthefall.

PhotobyDanSuiter,UniversityofGeorgia,Bugwood.ord

ThoughtsonRangeExpansionandConclusionsKudzuisaratherwellknownexampleofaninvasivespecies,particularlyintheSoutheasternUnitedStates.Someold(Sasek & Strain1988)andsomenew(Hickman& Lerdau 2013)literatureaboutkudzusuggestthatglobalclimatechangewill affect thedistributionofthisplant,includinganorthwardspread.However, it istheopinion of this kudzuresearcher thatsuchanexpansionwillnotberealized.Whilerelativelylittleisknownaboutkudzuseeddispersal,wedoknowthatgerminationratesarelowundernaturalconditions(Susko etal.2001).Anecdotally,mostkudzupatchesobservedtodaywereplantedatonetime,and,kudzuhasnotspreadbeyondthoseexistingpatchesexceptbyclimbingvines.Therefore,weconsiderkudzutobeprimarilyhumandispersedandconsiderittobeasuitabletargetformechanicalcontrol.Althoughlaborintensive,removalofrootcrownsissuf^icienttoeliminateplants.Usinganintegratedpestmanagementapproachthatcombinesseveralcontroltacticscanleadtorestorationofnativeecosystems.

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UniversityofDelawareBiological Control ofInvasivePlantsResearch:http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/biocontrol/index.htm