TakHew Pisces

PISCES: External/Internal Anatomy,

Characteristics, Diversity and Classification

Sapto P. Putro, PhDLab. Ecology & BiosystematicsDept. Biology-FSM UNDIP

Pengertian umum ikan Ciri-ciri morfologis/taksonomis ikan Faktor-faktor lingkungan yang

mempengaruhi kehidupan ikan Klasifikasi/jenis-jenis ikan

Cakupan:

Hewan bertulang belakang yang berdarah dingin (cold-blooded poikilothermous vertebrates)

Suhu tubuhnya menyesuaikan secara pasif thd suhu perairan sekitarnya

Pengertian umum ikan

I. External Anatomy

Caput

CaudaTruncus

I. External Anatomy korpus : kaput, trunkus dan kauda kaput : rima oris, fovea nasalis, organon

visus, dan apparatus operkularis apparatus operkularis : 1. Operkulum : os. operkulare (dorsal), os.

praoperkulare (kranial), os. suboperkulare (kaudal), dan os. interoperkulare (ventral)

2. Membrana branchiostegalis ; selaput yang terdapat pd tepi kaudal operkulum

3. Radii branchiostegalis ; tulang2 kecil yang merupakan rangka dari membrana branchiostegalis

II. Internal Anatomy

epidermis : tipis, licin dan transparan mengandung mucus why?

- memudahkan ikan dalam bergerak (mengurangi pergeseran)dg air-mencegah masuknya mikrooganisme

- Upya mempertahankan diri dari musuh di bawah epidermis terdapat

sisik(squama)merupakan eksoskeleton

Epidermis (skin)

Epidermis (skin)• Skin covered with scales

-Thin, round disks of highly modified bone that grow from pockets of skin-Overlap like roof shingles, all pointing toward tail to minimize friction-Grow during entire life of fish-Adjusting growth pattern to food supply

• Scales grow quickly when food is abundant and slowly when scarce

• Skin contains pigmented chromatophores-Create various color patterns

Sistema Respiratoria

Sistema Respiratoria

Gas bladder: regulating depth when swimming

• The quantity of gas within a fish's bladder must be adjustable. Why?

• When fish swim down:

pressure increases the gas in the bladder compresseddecreasing the bladder's volume increasing the relative density of the fish • When fish swim up:

pressure decreased the volume of the bladder expands increasing bladder’s volume decreasing fish density

Physostomous: Larval/jouvenil stages and primitive teleost

physoclist swim bladder:

Marine fish

Dissolved oxygen Dissolved salt (salinity) Light penetration Temperature Toxic substances Concentration of diseases organisms Opportunities to escape enemies

Factors (biotic & abiotic) influnce fish survival/preference :

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euchordata Sub Phylum: Vertebrata (Craniata)

Generalclassification:

Myxin

iform

es

Petr

om

yzo

nti

form

es

Chim

aeri

form

es

Squalif

orm

es

Lam

niform

es

Rajif

orm

es

Mylio

bati

form

es

Lepid

osi

reniform

es C

oela

canth

iform

es Po

lypte

rifo

rmes

Aci

pense

rifo

rmes

Lepis

ost

eiform

es

Am

iiform

es

Hio

donti

form

es

Elo

piform

es

Anguill

iform

es

Clu

peiform

es

Cypri

niform

es

Chara

cifo

rmes

Silu

rifo

rmes

Eso

cifo

rmes

Salm

oniform

es

Perc

opsi

form

es

Gadiform

es

Lophiif

orm

es

Ath

eri

niform

es

Cypri

nodonti

form

es

Gast

ero

steiform

es Sco

rpaeniform

es

Perc

iform

es

Ple

uro

nect

iform

es Te

traodonti

form

es

Aca

nth

od

ii

Pla

cod

erm

i

Craniata

Chordata

Holo

cep

hali

Ela

smob

ran

chii

Sarc

op

tery

gii

Actinoptergyii

Cep

hala

spid

-om

orp

hi

Myxin

i

Teleostei

Ostariophysi

Acanthopterygii

Ichthyology -Orders and higher taxa

6 7 8 9 10

11

lab

Phylum

Superclass

Subphylum

Class

Subclass

Division

Superorder

OsteichthyesChondrichthyes

Gnathostomata

?

?

Agnatha

Jawless fishes. Fish that have no jaws, no paired appendages, nor (in the case of hagfishes) even a true backbone, possessing instead a segmented notochord.

1.1. Class Myxini Hagfishes. A group of small, primitive, jawless,

ocean-dwelling fishes, scavenging their food from dead and dying fish and invertebrates.

1. Superclass Agnatha (2 classes)

1.2. Class Cephalaspidomorphi Lampreys. Another group of small,

primitive, jawless fishes. Many are parasites, latching onto the

bodies of freshwater fish. Others, non-parasitic, are able to eat

only in their larval form, dying as adults soon after reproducing.

1. Superclass Agnatha

end

sea lamprey

Jawed fishes and tetrapods. Vertebrates that possess jaws and usually a set of paired appendages.

This includes 99.7% of all living fishes

2.1. Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes. Fishes whose

skeletons are made of cartilage rather than bone, whose teeth are not fused to their jaws, and whose bodies lack a swim bladder.

2. Superclass Gnathostomata

2.1.a. Subclass Elasmobranchii Sharks and rays. This large group includes two

widely recognized groups: sharks and rays. Typically, sharks are large, torpedo-shaped,

marine carnivores, hunting and scavenging other sea creatures.

There are filter-feeding sharks, sharks of many different shapes, and sharks ranging from less than 20 cm (8 in.; dwarf lanternshark) to 12 m (39 ft.; whale shark; world's largest fish).

Rays are fishes with broad bodies, winglike fins, and long tails, usually living on the shallow seabed and preying on invertebrates.

2.1. Class Chondrichthyes

end

angel shark

end

spiny dogfish

end

white shark

end

blue shark

end

shark teeth

end

shark teeth

end

hammerhead sharks

end

eagle ray

end

ray egg cases

end

ray embryos

end

little skate

end

Atlantic stingray

2.1.b. Subclass Holocephali Chimaeras. Bizarre-looking, often

grotesquely shaped deep-sea fishes of the Arctic and Antarctic, lacking scales and with a long tail.

Various chimaeras are also called ratfishes, rabbitfishes, and ghostfishes.

2.1. Class Chondrichthyes

end

chimaeras and ratfishes

Bony fishes. Fish that have a skeleton made at least partly of bone, and that usually have a swim bladder. This includes 96.2% of all living fishes.

2.2. Class Osteichthyes

2.2.a. Subclass Sarcopterygii. Lobe-finned fishes: coelacanths and lungfishes. Coelacanths are lobe-finned fishes, thought to be

extinct until a species was discovered in 1938 in Africa;

a second species was discovered in the late 1990s in Indonesia.

A unique species possess lungs and can live for a limited time outside of water.

With their lungs and their lobed fins resembling proto-limbs,

Believed to be the closest living thing to the fishes that evolved into amphibians 350 million years ago.

2.2. Class Osteichthyes

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii. Ray-finned fishes. Fishes that have paired

fins with sturdy rays, lacking fleshy lobes. This includes 96.2% of all living fishes.

2.2.b.(i) Superorder Chondrostei. Chondrostean ray-finned fishes. Ray-finned fishes that have a skeleton

made mostly of cartilage, though partly of bone. This relatively primitive group retains into adulthood the notochord shared by invertebrate chordates.

2.2. Class Osteichthyes

Order Polypteriformes Bichirs. Small, elongate, freshwater fishes of

Africa, with a distinctive row of dorsal finlets down their backs

Order Acipenseriformes Sturgeons and paddlefishes. Sturgeons are

northern-hemisphere fishes covered with distinctive armor-like plates. Paddlefishes are freshwater fishes of China and the U.S., with long, paddle-shaped snouts.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii 2.2.b.(i) Superorder Chondrostei

2.2.b.(ii) Superorder Neopterygii Modern bony fishes Bony ray-finned fishes

that have a number of advanced characteristics: the same number of fin rays as support bones

an improved upper jaw structure, and tooth-plates to help grind food.

This group includes 96.0% of all living fishes.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii

Order Semionotiformes. Gars. Long fishes of North America,

inhabiting mostly freshwater, having armorlike, "ganoid" scales and a long, beaklike snout.

Order Amiiformes. Bowfin. A single small, freshwater species

in North America, the closest living relative of the teleost fishes.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Nonteleost bony fishes

Order Osteoglossiformes. Bonytongues, elephantfishes, and their allies. Freshwater fishes, mostly tropical. Bonytongues a diverse and widely-distributed

group; Elephantfishes African fishes with irregular,

often trunk-like snouts; as well as mooneyes and featherbacks.

Order Elopiformes. Tenpounders (ladyfishes) and tarpons. Slender fishes living in tropical and subtropical

oceans around the world.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Albuliformes Halosaurs, spiny eels, and bonefishes. Bonefishes

are tropical fishes sometimes fished for sport. Halosaurs and spiny eels are deep-sea fishes.

Order Anguilliformes. "true eels,“ long, thin, snake-like fishes, with a

highly reduced set of fins, and usually live in the ocean.

Examples: snake eels, worm eels, moray eels, conger eels, freshwater eels, and many others.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Gonorhynchiformes Shellears and their allies. A small order of fishes, living in the rivers of Africa and the

Indian and Pacific oceans. Examples include the milkfish, beaked salmons, shellears,

and snake mudhead.Order Cypriniformes Carps and their allies. Freshwater fishes that are native and widespread

throughout Eurasia, Africa, and North America. These fish are unique in that they lack jaw teeth,

possessing instead teeth in the back of their throat. Examples include carps, minnows, loaches, suckers, and

algae eaters.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Characiformes Characins and their allies. Fishes that live almost exclusively in the

lakes, rivers, and streams of Africa and Latin America.

Examples include characins, tetras, piranhas, pencilfishes, voladoras, and many others.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Siluriformes Catfishes. Highly successful fishes

characterized by their whisker-like sensory organs called barbels, and by their sometimes venomous fin spines.

They are common, mostly freshwater fish, to be found on all continents except Antarctica.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Salmoniformes Salmons and their allies. This order consists of a single successful and

commercially important family: the salmons and their close relatives.

This group lives entirely in the Northern hemisphere-some in freshwater, others in saltwater, in which case they return to freshwater to spawn.

Included are salmons, trouts, chars, graylings, whitefishes, ciscoes, and others.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Lampridiformes Oarfishes and their allies. A group of highly

unusual ocean fishes. The enormous oarfishes are thought to be

responsible for many sea-serpent stories; their relatives include ribbonfishes, opahs, velifers, and crestfishes.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Lophiiformes Anglerfishes. The fishes in this order are

interesting in that they possess a bony rod with a fleshy tip, which they use as bait to lure prey close to their mouths.

They live in nearly all oceanic environments, from the tropics to cold temperate waters, from shallow shores to the deep sea.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Mugiliformes Mullets. Coastal fishes that live in ocean or

brackish water, tropical or temperate. They feed on organic debris, and are

important as food fish.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Beloniformes Flying fishes and their allies. Included among these small, elongate

fishes are flying fishes, with their winglike fins and their gliding ability;

needlefishes and halfbeaks, with their unusually-shaped jaws; freshwater ricefishes of southeast Asia; and tropical, marine sauries.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Cyprinodontiformes Killifishes and their allies. A variety of tropical and subtropical fishes,

inhabiting mostly freshwater, and including many popular aquarium fish.

Included are killifishes, rivulines, topminnows, guppies, mollies, swordtails, pupfishes, and others.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Gasterosteiformes Pipefishes and their allies. Unusual fishes, mostly marine, and most

of them having distinctive long, tubular snouts.

Included are pipefishes, seahorses, ghost pipefishes, snipefishes, shrimpfishes, trumpetfishes, cornetfishes, seamoths, sticklebacks, tubesnouts, the sand eel, tubesnouts, and the paradox fish.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Synbranchiformes Swampeels and their allies. Freshwater, eel-

like, and virtually finless fishes, inhabiting tropical and subtropical lakes and rivers. Examples include swampeels, spiny eels, and chaudhuriids.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Scorpaeniformes Scorpionfishes and their allies. A large and diverse set of fishes, both

freshwater and marine, with distinctive bony struts across their cheeks.

Distributed worldwide, most are tropical, and some are quite exotic.

Included are scorpionfishes, velvetfishes, searobins (gurnards), flatheads, greenlings, sculpins, oilfishes, poachers, lumpfishes, and snailfishes.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Perciformes Perches and their allies. This is not only the

largest order of fishes; it is also by far the largest order of vertebrates, containing nearly one-fifth of all vertebrate species.

They live everywhere there is water, from the tropics to the arctic, from freshwater to saltwater, from wide estuaries to tiny mountain streams.

They range in size from less than 1 cm (1/2 in.) (some gobies) to around 4.5 m (14 ft) (black marlin).

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes

Order Pleuronectiformes Flatfishes. Fishes with a very unique body

plan: their bodies are compressed thin, and both their eyes are pushed over to one side of their head.

In this shape, they lie flat on their "blind side," camouflaged well on the ocean floor, except when hunting for food.

Examples include flounders, soles, tonguefishes, spiny flatfishes, and citharids.

2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes