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25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
The environmental impacts of palm oil
products
What can we learn from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Planet boundaries Rocktröm et al. 2009
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
NH3, NOx CH4, CO2 N2O, NOx, NH3 Particulates, Pesticides
NO3, pesHcides
Agriculture environmental impacts
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Agriculture environmental impacts
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Inputs extracHon
manufacture
Agricultural producHon
Oil extracHon transesterifi-‐
caHon
Use
The life cycle perspective
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Why using LCA?
• Comprehensive: complete system & various impacts ] avoids problem shiRing
• Based on a reference flow (funcHonal unit) ] can account for producHvity ] avoids problem shiRing
• Standardised by ISO norms (14040 series)
] To idenHfy impact hotspots and room for improvement ] To design improved pracHces
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
What do LCA tell us about palm biodiesel?
Inputs extracHon
manufacture
Agricultural producHon
Oil extracHon transesterifi-‐
caHon
Use
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Net Energy Ratio • Energy output/input
• 2.9 [2.3-‐4.8] • PotenHal >6 • Main contributors:
-‐ FerHlisers -‐ Methanol -‐ Energy inputs
Manik & Halog 2013
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
GHG balance • 40 gCO2e/MJ with LUC 9 gCO2e/MJ without LUC
• [-‐200, 400 gCO2e/MJ] • Main contributors:
-‐ LUC, Peat oxidaHon -‐ FerHlisers -‐ POME emissions -‐ TransesterificaHon
• 55-‐89% GHG savings /fossil fuel if no deforestaHon, no peat oxidaHon
Manik & Halog 2013
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
What do LCA tell us about palm oil?
Inputs extracHon
manufacture
Agricultural producHon
Oil extracHon transesterifi-‐
caHon
Use
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Mixed previous land uses Peat 3% area No POME treatment, Yields: 20.2tFFB/ha-‐14.2tFFB/ha OER 21%
GHG balance with RSPO PalmGHG
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Double emissions when converting logged forest
vs Net sequestration on grassland
GHG balance with RSPO PalmGHG
Different land use changes
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Peat emissions are critical!
100% peat land
GHG balance with RSPO PalmGHG
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr LCA Food 2012 – Saint-‐Malo 04/10/2012 14/19
CH4 capture is worth it!
GHG balance with RSPO PalmGHG
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Potential « 0 emissions » when replanting with best practices
GHG balance with RSPO PalmGHG
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Palm oil environmental impacts
• GHG balance (median values w/o deforestaHon or peat oxidaHon): 1-‐2 tCO2e/tCPO
5400-‐10800km 4000-‐8000km
• FerHlisers impact GHG, eutrophicaHon, acidificaHon… • Mill stage:
-‐ POME methane impacts GHG -‐ Boiler emissions impact “Human toxicity”
ADEME 2008 ADEME 2008
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
What do LCA tell us about FFB?
Inputs extracHon
manufacture
Agricultural producHon
Oil extracHon transesterifi-‐
caHon
Use
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
• FerHlisers, pesHcides: main contributors
Palm fruit environmental impacts
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
LCA limits so far • Limited models to quanHfy field emissions
• Limited data availability: cropping systems & up/downstream processes
• Impacts not yet all assessed: -‐ Under development: water use, salinisaHon… -‐ Complex concepts: biodiversity, soil quality
]Result uncertainty sHll high
] SensiHvity to pracHces sHll low ] Need for research in partnership
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
Take home messages • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive unavoidable approach to quanHfy environmental impacts and reduce them
• GHG emissions from palm are driven by land use change, methane from POME and fer@lisers
• Fer@lisers are a main source of environmental impacts
• There are improvement opportuniHes
• The more knowledge we gather, the more precise LCA is, the more efficient pracHce adaptaHon can be
25/09/15 cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
¡Muchas gracias! Thank you very much!
Dr. Cecile Bessou, Cirad cecile.bessou@cirad.fr
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