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Supplementary Information for:
“Fire emissions and regional air quality impacts from fires in oil palm, timber, and logging
concessions in Indonesia”
Miriam E. Marlier, Ruth S. DeFries, Patrick S. Kim, Shannon N. Koplitz, Daniel J. Jacob,
Loretta J. Mickley, and Samuel S. Myers
Figure S1. a) Total area (km2) within each concession type for Papua (World Resources Institute 2015b, 2015c, 2015a), with percentages giving remaining forest cover in 2012, based on land cover from Margono et al. (2014), and b) Annual MODIS FRP from 2003-2013 (in MW) for each concession type. Refer to Figures 2 and 3 in the main text for area and FRP totals for Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Figure S2. Peatland distribution for Sumatra and Kalimantan (Wahyunto et al 2004, 2003).
0
2E+4
4E+4
6E+4
8E+4
Oil PalmLogging Timber Mixed
Tota
l Are
a (k
m2 )
74%
94%
74%
88% 0
4E+4
8E+4
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Oil PalmLoggingTimberMixed
Ann
ual F
RP
(MW
)
(a) (b)
1,000KmLegend
Peatland Distribution
Figure S3. Population distribution (persons per 0.25° grid cell) used for the adjoint model calculations (from http://web.ornl.gov/sci/landscan).
Figure S4. Number of years with fire observations from 2003-2013, calculated for all 1-km2 pixels in Sumatra (top row) and Kalimantan (bottom row) with respect to individual concession types (colored lines) and all land area both within and outside of concessions (“All,” black lines). An observation of 11 indicates that a pixel burned every year from 2003-2013. Columns indicate observations for: 1) peatlands only, 2) non-forest, and 3) intact + degraded forest.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99
99.9
99.9
9
Oil PalmLoggingTimberMixedAll
No.
Yea
rs w
ith F
ire C
ount
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99
99.9
99.9
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99
99.9
99.9
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99
99.9
99.9
9
Oil PalmLoggingTimberMixedAll
No.
Yea
rs w
ith F
ire C
ount
Percent
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99
99.9
99.9
9
Percent
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99
99.9
99.9
9
Percent
Peatland Non-Forest Forest
Sum
atra
Kal
iman
tan
10oS
5oS
0o
5oN
10oN
90oE 100oE 110oE 120oE 130oE 140oE 150oE
0 125000 250000 375000 500000
Sumatra (25 Tg DM total)
Kalimantan (48 Tg DM total)
Fire Source DEF PET NF DEF PET NF Oil Palm 1% 10% 2% 8% 38% 22% Timber 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 2% Logging 2% 28% 55% 2% 2% 19% Mixed 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% 5% Table S1. Contribution of individual concession types to fire emissions estimates for July to November 2009 (in % of emissions from all concessions, by island). Total concession emissions from Sumatra and Kalimantan were 25 Tg and 48 Tg dry matter (DM), respectively. DEF=deforestation, PET=peatland, and NF=non-forest fires. Mixed concessions are due to overlapping boundaries of oil palm, timber, and/or logging concessions. References: Margono B A, Potapov P V, Turubanova S, Stolle F and Hansen M C 2014 Primary forest cover
loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012 Nature Clim. Change 4 730–5 Wahyunto S, Rintung and Subagjo H 2004 Peta Luas Sebaran Lahan Gambut dan Kandungan
Karbon di Pulau Kalimantan / Maps of Area of Peatland Distribution and Carbon Content in Kalimantan, 2000-2002. (Bogor, Indonesia: Wetlands International - Indonesia Programme & Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC))
Wahyunto S, Rintung and Subagjo H 2003 Peta Luas Sebaran Lahan Gambut dan Kandungan Karbon di Pulau Sumatera / Maps of Area of Peatland Distribution and Carbon Content in Sumatera, 1990-2002. (Bogor, Indonesia: Wetlands International - Indonesia Programme & Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC))
World Resources Institute 2015a Logging Online: http://www.globalforestwatch.org World Resources Institute 2015b Oil Palm Online: http://www.globalforestwatch.org World Resources Institute 2015c Wood Fiber Online: http://www.globalforestwatch.org
