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The Oxford Coinpendiuin of Visual Illusions
EDITED BY
Arthur Shapiro and
Dejan Todorovic
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Contributors xi
How to Use the Website xvu
lntroduction xix .Arthur Shapiro and Dejan Todorovit
Part 1: lntroductory General Chapters 1. Early Hiscory oflllusions 3
Nicholas J Wade
2. Cross-Culcural Studies of Illusions 38
J B. Derrgowski
3. Visual Illusion in a Comparacive Perspeccive 54
Kazuo Fujita, Noriyuki Nakamura, and Sota Watanabe
4. An Analysis of Theoretical Approaches eo Geomecrical-Optical Illusions 64
Barbara Gillam
S. Visual Illusions in Action 7 4
Nicola Bruno
6. Motion Illusions in Man and Machine 79
Cornelia Fermüller
7. Tue Visual World as Illusion: The Ones We Know and ehe Ones We Don't 90
Stephen Grossberg
8. Visual Illusions? 119
Jan Koenderink
9. Why ehe Concepc of "Visual Illusions" Is Misleading 139
Dale Purves, William T. Wojtach, and R. Beau Lotto
10. Where Have All the Illusions Gone? A Cricique of the Concept oflllusion 144
Brian Rogers
Part II: Geometrical 11. Weighted Positional Averaging in the Illusions
of the M üller-Lyer Type 15 9
Aleksandr Bulatov
12. The Bar-Cross-Ellipse Illusion 165
Gideon P. Caplovitz, Alex Boswel4 and Kyle Killebrew
13. The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion 170
Gideon Paul Caplovitz, Po-Jang Hsieh, Peter J Kohler, and Katharine B. Porter
14. The Ames Window Illusion and Ics Variations 17 4
Marcel de Heer and Ihomas V. Papathomas
15. Three-Dimensional Müller-Lyer Illusion: Theorecical and Praccical Implicacions 185
Patricia R. DeLucia
16. Why Do Hills Look So Sceep? 190
Frank H Durgt,n and Zhi Li
17. "Shape from Smear": An Illusion of3D Shape, Made by Finger-Paincing Wich Noise 198
Roland W. Fleming and Daniel Holtmann-Rice
18. Geomecric-Opcical Illusions Under Isoluminance? 206
Kai Hamburger, Ihorsten Hansen, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner
vi
19. The Picture Surface Illusion: 3D Biases 2D 209
Sherief Hammad and John M Kennedy
20. Cast Shadow Illusions 214
Daniel Kersten and Pascal Mamassian
21. The Leaning Tower Illusion 221
Frederick A. A. Kingdom, Ali Yoonessi, and Elena Gheorghiu
22. The Invisible Saddle, or the Cap-or-Cup Illusion 227
Jan Koenderink, Andrea van Doorn, and Johan Wagemans
23. Symmetry and Uprightness in Visually Perceived Shapes 234
Lydia M Maniatis
24. The Bath Tub Illusion 238
Lydia M Maniatis
25. The Pitchroom Illusion: How High Is Up? 241
Leonard Matin, Ethel Matin, "Wenxun Li, Todd E. Hudson, and Adam Shavit
26. Geometrie Illusions in the Human Face andBody 252
Kazunori Morikawa
27. Dynamic Illusory Size Contrast: Enhanced Relative Size Effects Due to Stimulus Motion 258
Ryan E. B. Mruczek, Christopher D. Blair, Lars Strother, and Gideon P. Caplovitz
28. Size Contrast and Assimilation in the Delboeuf and Ebbinghaus Illusions 262
Ryan E. B. Mruczek, Christopher D. Blair, Lars Strother, and Gideon P. Caplovitz
29. The Occlusion, Configural Shape, and Shrinkage Illusions 269
Stephen E. Palmer and Karen B. Schloss
30. Reverse-Perspective Art and Objects-Illusions in Depth and Motion 275
Thomas V. Papathomas
31. The New Moon Illusion 283
Brian Rogers and Stuart Anstis
Contents
32. Geometrical Errors Are the Cost of Maintaining the Luminance Contrast Polarity 290
Sergio Roncato
33. Antigravity Slopes: A New Type ofVisual Illusion 295
Kokichi Sugihara
34. The Geometric-Optical Illusions of ]. ]. Oppel 298
Dejan Todorovic
35. The Oppel-Kundt Illusion 303
]ifi Wackermann
36. The Shifted-Chessboard Pattern as Paradigm of the Exegesis of Geometrical-Optical Illusions 308
Gerald "Westheimer
Part III : Brightness/Lightness/Color 37. A Layered Experience ofLightness and
Color 315
Barton L. Anderson
38. Color and Luminance: Afterimages, Combinations, and Flicker 323
Stuart Anstis
39. The White Effect 327
Barbara Blakeslee and Mark E. McCourt
40. The Dungeon Illusion 332
Paola Bressan and Peter Kramer
41. The Contrast Illusion 337
Charles Chubb, Joshua A. Solomon, and George Sperling
42. lllusory Color Spread from Apparent Motion 344
Carol M Cicerone and Donald D. Hoffman
43. The Reversed Contrast Necker Cube 349
Alessandra Galmonte and Tiziano Agostini
44. Changing the Chevreul Illusion by a Background Luminance Ramp 356
Jdnos Geier and Mariann Huddk
45. Tue Curved Grid Non-Illusions: Eliminating Hermann's Spots and Lingelbach's
Scintillation 362
]dnos Geier and Mariann Huddk
46. Tue Staircase Gelb Illusion 367
Alan Gilchrist
47. Tue Breathing Light Illusion: Illusory Size and Brightness Variation Induced by
Motion 373
Simone Gori, Enrico Giora, and D. Alan Stubbs
48. Large Shift in Brightness Induced by Motion in Context 379
Sang J#Jok Hong
49. Tue Chromatie Mach Card 382
Anya Hurlbert
SO. Color Assimilation 388
Frederick A. A. Kingdom
51. When Light Looks Like Paint 393
Frederick A. A. Kingdom
52. Tue Scintillating Grid 400
Bernd Lingelbach
53. Second-Order Mach Bands, Chevreul, and Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet Illusions 404
Zhong-Lin Lu and George Sperling
54. Vasarely's Nested Squares and the Alternating Brightness Star Illusion 407
Susana Martinez-Conde and Stephen L. Macknik
55. Grating Induction 415
Mark E. McCourt and Barbara Blakeslee
56. Illusory Variations in Apparent Dot Brightness Induced by Density Modulations 422
Je.ffrey B. Mulligan
57. On the Watercolor Illusion 426
Baingio Pinna
58. Tue Chinese Lantern Illusion 437
Sergio Roncato, Sandro Bette/La, and Clara Casco
Contents
59. Tue Wedding Cake Illusion: Interaction of Geometrie and Photometrie Factors in Induced Contrast and Assimilation 442
Branka Spehar and Colin W. G. Clifford
60. Pilling-In Between Contours 448
RobvanLier
61. Tue Glare Effect 454
Daniele Zavagno and Olga Daneyko
Part IV: Motion Based 62. Improbable Illusory Contours 463
Barton L. Anderson
63. Low-Level Motion Illusions 467
Stuart Anstis
64. High-Level Organization ofMotion: Ambiguous, Primed, Sliding, and Flashed 475
Stuart Anstis
65. Backscroll Illusion 486
Kiyoshi Fujimoto
vil
66. Tue Rotating Tilted Lines Illusion: Rotation Instead ofExpansion-A Peculiar Case of Motion Misperception 489
Simone Gori
67. Tue Enigmatie Enigma Illusion 496
Kai Hamburger
68. Tue Fraser-Wilcox Illusion and lts Extension 500
Akiyoshi Kitaoka
69. Induced Motion 512
Jasmin Leveille and Arash Yazdanbakhsh
70. Tue Freezing Rotation Illusion 516
Erika N. Lorincz and Max R. Dürste/er
71. Second-Order Reversed Phi 522
Zhong-Lin Lu and George Sperling
72. Attention-Generated Apparent Motion 527
Zhong-Lin Lu and George Sperling
viii
73. Two-Stroke Apparent Motion 531
George Mather
74. On the Pinna Illusion 536
Baingi,o Pinna
75. Color Wagon-Wheel Illusion 548
Arthur G. Shapiro and William Kistler
76. Tue Aperture Problem: Illusions Arising During the Integration and Segmentation of Motion Within and Across Apertures 556
Maggi-e Shiffrar
77. Paths of Apparent Human Motion Follow Motor Constraints 563
Maggi-e Shiffrar and Christina Joseph
78. Tue Motion Standstill Illusion 569
George Sperling, Son-Hee Lyu, Chia-Huei Tseng, and Zhong-Lin Lu
79. Objecdess Motion: Tue Pedestalled Motion Paradigm 5 73
George Sperling and Zhong-Lin Lu
80. Silencing the Awareness of Change 577
Jordan W. Suchow and George A. Alvarez
81. Tue Kayahara Silhouette Illusion 582
Nikolaus F. Troje
82. Tue Motion Afi:ereffect 586
Frans A.]. Vers traten and Peter]. Bex
83. High Phi and Ghost Phi: Extreme Motion Illusions 592
Mark 1Vexler
84. Stereokinetic Phenomena
Mario Zanforlin
597
85. Motion Illusions in Stade Patterns 601
Johannes M Zanker
Part V: Faces 86. Tue Venus Effect 609
Marco Bertamini and Richard Latto
Contents
87. Tue Hollow-Mask Illusion and Variations 614
Thomas V. Papathomas
88. Tue Illusion of Sex 620
Richard Russell
89. Tue Bogart Effect 624
Sharon Gilad-Gutnick, Rohan Vtz.rma, and PawanSinha
90. Tue Presidential Illusion 628
Sharon Gilad-Gutnick and Pawan Sinha
91. About Face: Tue Margaret Thatcher Illusion 633
Peter Thompson
92. Tue Mona Lisa Gaze Effect 639
Dejan Todorovic
93. Tue Wobbling Face Illusion 648
Sayako Ueda and Akiyoshi Kitaoka
94. Adaptation Afi:ereffects in the Perception ofFaces 655
Michael A. 1Vebster
Part VI: Grouping and O rganization 95. Ambiguous Figures Moving Forward 663
Lori]. Bernstein
96. Tue Scramble Illusion: Texture Metamers 668
Charles Chubb, Joseph Darcy, Michael S. Landy, John Econopouly,Jong-Ho Nam, Dan Bindman, and George Sperling
97. Amodally Completed Angles 673
"Walter Gerbino
98. Subjective Contours 679
Barbara Gillam
99. Tue Ternus Effect 685
Elisabeth Hein
100. Two Sinusoids: 6 - l Perceptions
Jan Kremldcek
101. Tue Illusions of Numerosity 696
Riccardo Luccio
692
102. TheAperture Capture Illusion 700
Evan M. Palmer and Philip J Kellman
Part VII: Attention 103. Motion-Induced Blindness 709
Yoram Bonneh
104. lnattentional Blindness and the Illusion of Attention 715
Daniel J Simons
Part VIII: Binocular Vision/Stereopsis 105. Binocular Rivalry: The Illusion of
Disappearance 721
Randolph Blake
106. Stereo Rotation Standstill and Related Illusions 726
Max R. Dürste/er and Erika N Lorincz
107. Tue Graph-Paper Effect: A Moving, lllusory, Stereoscopic Texture 733
Mark Georgeson
Part IX: Adaptation 108. Adaptation to Brightness Change, Comours,
Jogging, and Apparent Motion 7 45
Stuart Anstis
Contents
109. The Color Dove Illusion: Chromatic Pilling-In Effect Following a Spatial-Temporal Edge 752
Yuval Barkan and Hedva Spitzer
110. Blur Adaptation and Induction 756
Michael A. Webster
Part X: Conßicting Scale or Other Information 111. Hybrid Image Illusion 7 63
Aude Oliva and Philippe G. Schyns
112. Contrast Asynchronies 767
Arthur G. Shapiro
113. Hidden Images 774
Nicholas J Wade
Part XI: Multisensory 114. The Three-Dimensional Necker Cube 783
Nicola Bruno
115. The McGurk Effect and the Primacy of Multisensory Perception 787
James W. Dias, Theresa C. Cook, and Lawrence D. Rosenblum
Index 793
ix
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