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The Partition of Palestine. 1945-1949. Background:. Your role play was part of what really happened in 1947 UNSCOP an 11 member team was there to conduct a survey and make proposals - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE PARTITION OF PALESTINE
1945-1949
BACKGROUND: Your role play was part of what really
happened in 1947UNSCOP an 11 member team was there to
conduct a survey and make proposalsThis led to a vote in the UN and 33 to 13
with 10 abstentions, the vote was in favour of a partition in Palestine to create two areas : for the Jewish population and the Palestinians
1942-1945 Biltmore Programme
Signals the start of the US involvement in the Middle EAst
American Zionists called for a ‘commonwealth’ in ALL of Palestine
In 1945 with the end of the war an all out media and propaganda offensive to highlight the plight of the Jews The Holocaust a major emotive issue
President Truman calls for the immigration of 100,000 Jewish refugees into Palestine.
MIDDLE EAST: BRITISH PERSPECTIVE
Bevin suggest Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry which met in Washington, Nov 1945
Report: demand for 100,000 certificates of entry into Palestine
Palestine to be placed under UN trusteeship not endorsed by US or UK!
Bevin rejects certificates idea ( see page 103)
Morrison Grady Plan July 1946 also callled for UN trusteeship….rejected
1945: IN PALESTINE British authorities refuse Jewish refugees into
Palestine ‘Illegal’ immigrants stopped and sent back Rising anger against British policies Haganah continue illegal immigration
Arab sentiment: Holocaust issues belong to Europe and Europe needs to find a solution
The Yom Kippur declaration by Truman provides for fresh tensions in the Middle East
Formation of the Arab League
1946: TENSIONS CONTINUEBy 1946 certain issues are clear British policy in the Middle East is not
working US and GB want a hold in the Middle East
but do not want a shooting war US and GB felt that if hostilities broke out
on the ground, the Jewish population would be massacred by the Arabs
Arab demands for a unitary state in which they would be the permanent majority
Jewish Agency on the other hand demand partition of Palestine
Truman’s day of Atonement declaration
Palestine
GB no longer a major player
Holocaust : a major
factor
US involve-ment in
the Middle EastSplit
among the Jews
Ben Gurion Vs ChaimWeizmann
Arab leadershi
p in disarray
Emerging Cold War
ARAB PERSPECTIVE Newly formed League of Arab States
The rights of the Arabs cannot be touched and the injustice of the Holocaust should not make injustice in Palestine
The Alexandra Protocol: a warning and a support for Palestinian claims but nothing further. Sympathizes with Holocaust but does not want Palestine to be part of the solution
ZIONIST PERSPECTIVE Split in leadership Emergence of David Ben Gurion
Wanted leadership of the US to resolve the situation Felt the time for discussion over and a call for action Received funding from the US to buy weapons
By this time there were 3 groups speaking for the cause of the Jews in Palestine Ben Gurion and Ma’pai or workers Party Irgun set up 1930 by Vladimir Jabotinsky and its
offshoot LEHI( set up 1940 by Isaac Stern): Violent right wing organizations whose aim was to create a Jewish state in all of Palestine
IN PALESTINE Zionists target the British Murder of British soldiers by Irgun Attack on the King David Hotel 22/07/1946
British Military HQRS Mayor of New York raised 2m for Jews to purchase weapons:
GB objects to this In 1947 two British soldiers hanged as reprisal for the
execution of the three Irgun, British responded with characteristic heavy-handedness
Exodus Incident led to widespread condemnation of British Policy and support for Jewish demands for Palestine as homeland
By 1947 Britain tired. 100,000 troops and Police tied up in Palestine
Britain decided to let the UN deal with the matter
UNSCOP United Nations Special Committee on
Palestine 11 members Task: to investigate and to make
recommendations on how to resolve the problem
UNSCOP : received full co-operation from the Zionists and boycotted except at the end by the Arabs
Exodus incident occurs BY August 1947 : report was ready
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE UNSCOP Division of Palestine into 2 areas
57% to Jews ( 33%)Lands with a greater Jewish population to be awarded t the Jews and like wise for the ArabsThis resulted in a criss-cross arrangements with ‘kissing points’Jerusalem to be an international zone governed by and international force
MEETING IN THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON 29TH NOVEMBER TO VOTE ON THE
Vote to partition Palestine :Resolution 181 passes with 33 to 13 votes with 10 abstentions
The Arab Higher Committee representing the Palestinian Arabs rejected the UN Partition Plan
Civil War in Palestine begins on the 30th of November as a protest towards the proposed Partition
CIVIL WAR IN PALESTINE 3 day strike called by Arab Higher
Committee British announcement: Mandate in
Palestine to end on the 15th of May 1948 instead of a further 2 years
Jewish forces acted to defend civilians and settlements and then acted to evict Muslim populations within their designated areas
Arabs supported by Syrian Egyptian and Iraqi forces
In March Plan Dalet formulated
PLAN D OR PLAN DALET Read textbook Source A Discuss Deir Yassin Massacre
Part of the attempt to gain control of Jerusalem
Did it harden attitudes towards the Palestinian Arabs
Was it the start of the Al Naqba ( the disaster)
THE STATE OF ISRAEL Declared on the 14th of May, 1948 Read text page 110: what is Eretz
Israel?
The state of Israel recognized 11 minutes later by the US
What was the US role in this?
1ST ARAB ISRAELI WAR BEGINS?
15th May the armies of Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon and Iraq invade the newly formed state of Israel
CAUSES?
Immediate •State of Israel•Partition of Palestine
Short Term •?
•?
Long Term •?•?
CAUSES:
Political
Economic
Other
Social
IST ARAB ISRAELI WAR 3 phases: civil war Fighting 15th May to 10th June 1948 UN sponsored Cease fire 10th June to 9th July Fighting commences with Egypt breaking
ther truce 9th -18th July 1948 2nd truce: Count Bernadotte asked to
negotiate. Bernadotte Plan rejected Bernadotte murdered by the Stern gang Israel dissolves Stern gang Stern gang members join newly formed Israel
Defence force( IDF)
FINAL PHASE 15th October to 7th January 1949. this
time Israel broke the ceasefire to defeat Egyptians in the south
Israel under pressure from the US to withdraw from Egyptian territory
Israel gained control of the Negev desert when ceasefire was announced.
RESULTS OF THE 1ST ARAB ISRAELI WAR Israel- exhausted but well organised
Loss of 6000 amounted to 1% of population
Israel now controlled 79% of Palestine700, 000 Palestinian became refugees Israel survived its first test It showed to Israel the advantages of action
over negotiation and became the cornerstone of all future policy
The Jewish people had proved that they would no longer be the underdog
Israel signed armistice agreement with Arab states
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