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The Protestant Reformation
The Renaissance
What is the Renaissance?
• 1300 to 1600
• An explosion of creativity in Europe.
• Began in Italy and spread north.
• France and England were locked in the Hundred Years' War.
Humanism
• Focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.
• Emphasized the study of classical texts and ancient languages.
The Renaissance
Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man
Secularism
• Worldly, less religious (compare to Middle Ages)
• Focus on the now, not the hereafter
The Renaissance
Santa Maria Novella Florence
City-State of Urbino
Duke and Duchess of Urbino
The
Renaissance
The Printing Press
• Invented in 1440 inspired by Chinese technology
• Gutenberg Bibles
• Impact:• Renaissance/religious
reform ideas spread rapidly
• Increased literacy
10541517
Causes of the Reformation
• Church corruption (indulgences)
• Lax clerical standards
• Renaissance Humanism
• 1/3 of Europe was church land
• Printing Press
Martin Luther
****Salvation by faith alone!****
• Indulgences = absolution for sins → CORRUPT
• 1517 – Posted “95 Theses” that challenged the
Church.
• Christian belief should be based on the Bible,
not the authority of the pope.
• Translated the 1st German Bible.
• Protesters became known as Protestants.
Indulgence $$ was used to build this!
Politics of Religion
• German princes in the Holy Roman Empire liked these ideas → too many Italian popes beautifying Rome with German funds.
• Germans & Scandinavians largely converted
• Peasants often defied masters by adopting different faith
Martin Luther
Calvinism
****Salvation is predestined!****
• Geneva, Switzerland
• Hard work emphasized
• Followers:
– Presbyterians in Scotland
– Huguenots in France
– Puritans in England
Anglicanism
• Act of Supremacy declared King of England the leader of the Church of England.
• Initially, very Catholic in practice because this was a political division.
Anglicanism
Elizabeth I
• Nationalized the Church of England (reduced Catholic influences)
• 1st attempted colony (joint-stock companies)
• Defeats Philip II’s Spanish Armada in 1588 (sent to challenge England’s
supremacy/Protestant faith)
Anglicanism
Catholic Church responded to the Reformation with a Counter-Reformation:
• Inquisition – root out unbelievers and punish them (Spain)
• Jesuits (Society of Jesus) – Founded by Ignatius of Loyola; well-educated priests who wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism
• Council of Trent – prohibited indulgences; reaffirmed all other teachings.
HUGE SUCCESS!
Catholic Reformation
• Cause: HRE (Hapsburgs) wanted subjects to return to Catholicism; much of Europe involved.
• Effect: Peace of Westphalia
• Ends the 30 Years’ War
• Countries/duchies had more autonomy
• Religious map stable
• Prussia emerges as a strong state
Thirty Years’ War
• Century of religious war - Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Widespread persecution, growth of intolerance (witch hunts)
• Many denominations of Christianity
Impact: Reformation and Counter Reformation
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