The Rise of Rome · –Recognize Roman authority, pay taxes –Keep customs, traditions, local...

The Rise of Rome

The Geography of Rome

• Center of Italy and the Mediterranean

The Geography of Rome

• Center of Italy and the Mediterranean

• Fertile Land

• Easy Travel

• What impact did this have on the development of Rome?

Emergence of Rome

The Roman Republic

• Republic – government system in which representatives are elected by citizens

• 2 Groups of Romans

– Plebeians – farmers, merchants, artisans

– Patricians – wealthy landowners

* Constant power struggle between groups*

The Government

• Senate – legislative body, 300 members (patricians)

• 2 Consuls

– Supervise government and command armies

– 1 year terms

Dictator – ruler with complete control (only used during emergencies and for 6 months)

Cincinnatus

Roman Society

– The Roman Family

• Paterfamilias (father) had life and death control

• Control of daughters did not pass to husbands

• Women had no formal rights but some control in practice

• Marriages were arranged

• Restrictions did not apply to lower classes

Rome Expands

• Leniency shown to the conquered

– Recognize Roman authority, pay taxes

– Keep customs, traditions, local government

– Citizenship

The Punic WarsThe Roman Empire

The Punic Wars

• Series of wars between Rome and Carthage (264 BC – 146 BC)

The Punic Wars

• Series of wars between Rome and Carthage (264 BC – 146 BC)

• Fought over control of the Mediterranean

The Fall of the Roman

Republic

Rome Expands

• Initially for security? That’s what they claim

2nd Punic War

• Carthaginian leader Hannibal moves his army through Spain and France, then invades Italy

2nd Punic War

• Carthaginian leader Hannibal moves his army through Spain and France, then invades Italy

What was the probable impact of this on his army?

2nd Punic War

• Carthaginian leader Hannibal moves his army through Spain and France, then invades Italy

• Hannibal’s army destroys the Roman countryside for 15 years

2nd Punic War

Scipio, Roman General, plans an attack on Spain, then Carthage

3rd Punic War(149-146 B.C.)

• Rome invades and destroys Carthage, now has complete control of the Mediterranean

Imperial Rome

• Imperialism – establishing control over foreign lands

• After the Punic Wars, Greece and surrounding areas became Roman provinces

• Continued struggle between Plebeians and Patricians weakened Rome and a series of civil wars broke out

Imperial Rome

• After the Punic Wars, Greece and surrounding areas became Roman provinces

• Continued struggle between Plebeians and Patricians weakened Rome and a series of civil wars broke out

• Generals gained political power

Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)

• Growing Unrest

–Latifundia (large estates worked by slaves) contribute to the decline of small farms

–Reform: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)

• Generals become political players

– Marius• Recruits non-land owning Romans for military

service

• Loyal to Marius, not Senate – Professional army emerges

Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)

• Generals become political players

– Sulla• Rival General

• Civil War – reign of terror in Rome

• Gains power but returns it to the Senate

So….What do you expect to happen next?

– First Century B.C.E. had two characteristics:

• Jostling for power by powerful individuals

• Civil wars that were caused by the desire for power

First Triumvirate

• Caesar Pompey Crassus

Great General Great General Not a great general – very rich

First Triumvirate 60 BC – 53 BC

• 54 BC – Julia (Caesar’s Daughter and Pompey’s wife dies)

• Crassus – Killed – Details not pretty

• Caesar and Pompey = Civil War

• Pompey Killed (details also not pretty) --Caesar Wins

• 44 BC – Caesar named dictator for life – then assassinated

Julius Caesar

2nd Triumvirate

Octavian Mark Antony Lepidus

Caesar’s adopted son Caesar’s Chief Aid, Friend, Who Cares

and General

The Pax Romana

• Octavian=Augustus

• Reformed and stabilized the government

The Pax Romana

• Octavian=Augustus

• Reformed and stabilized the government

• Augustus given title of imperator (commander-in-chief) by the senate

• Civil service, public works projects

• Socially Conservative Rule

• International Roman Law

• Pax Romana – 200 years of Roman peace

The Roman Emperors

• No set method of replacing the Emperor

• Why could this cause a problem???

• That brings us to the Julio-Claudians!

Tiberius

• Paranoid

• Many executions during his rule

Caligula

• 24 years old at time of rule

• Insane

• Ordered his troops to gather sea shells at the English Channel

• Thought he was a god

• Do not make bald jokes or speak of goats around Caligula

• Assassinated after 5 years of rule

Caligula

• 24 years old at time of rule

• Insane

• Ordered his troops to gather sea shells at the English Channel

• Thought he was a god

• Do not make bald jokes or speak of goats around Caligula

• Assassinated after 5 years of rule

Caligula

• 24 years old at time of rule

• Insane

• Ordered his troops to gather sea shells at the English Channel

• Thought he was a god

• Do not make bald jokes or speak of goats around Caligula

• Assassinated after 5 years of rule

Claudius

• Uncle of Caligula

• Found hiding behind a curtain after Caligula’s assassination

• Many physical difficulties

• Successful emperor

• Probably poisoned by his wife

Claudius

• Uncle of Caligula

• Found hiding behind a curtain after Caligula’s assassination

• Many physical difficulties

• Successful emperor

• Probably poisoned by his wife

Claudius

• Uncle of Caligula

• Found hiding behind a curtain after Caligula’s assassination

• Many physical difficulties

• Successful emperor

• Probably poisoned by his wife

Nero

• Mom probably killed Claudius when Nero was 17

• First few years of reign were good (he wasn’t actually ruling)

• Either insane or just really mean.

• Assassinated his mother, and later his wife

• Many executions

• Persecuted Christians

• Commits suicide after a revolt “What an artist dies with me!”

• Civil war after his death

Nero

• Mom probably killed Claudius when Nero was 17

• First few years of reign were good (he wasn’t actually ruling)

• Either insane or just really mean.

• Assassinated his mother, and later his wife

• Many executions

• Persecuted Christians

• Commits suicide after a revolt “What an artist dies with me!”

• Civil war after his death

Vespasian and Titus

Flavian AmphitheaterThe Colosseum

Pompeii and the Eruption of Vesuvius

Domitian

• Son and brother of emperors

• Cruel

• Paranoid

• Favorite pastime = fly catching and sacrifice

• Wanted to be called “Master and God”

• Assassinated

Domitian

• Son and brother of emperors

• Cruel

• Paranoid

• Favorite pastime = fly catching and sacrifice

• Wanted to be called “Master and God”

• Assassinated

Domitian

• Son and brother of emperors

• Cruel, Paranoid according to the Senate at Tyrant

• Favorite pastime = fly catching and sacrifice

• Wanted to be called “Master and God”

• Assassinated

To trust the sources…hmmm?

• Why would historians not necessarily be trustworthy?

The Five Good Emperors

• Series of emperors who wisely selected their successors

Nerva

• Old Politician, No sons, serves 2 years and dies naturally

Trajan

• Respected General, Builder, conqueror, outlawed Christianity

Hadrian

• Gave up some conquered land, built a wall across Britain

Built around A.D 122

Built around A.D 122

The Pantheon

Antoninus Pius

Marcus Aurelius

• Philosopher, Successful war, plague

Lucius Verus (Co-Emperor)

Marcus Aurelius

• Philosopher, Successful war, plague• Son, Commodus becomes emperor

Commodus

• Son of Marcus Aurelius

• Often dressed like Hercules

• Sometimes fought as a gladiator

• Assassinated by a former wrestler while he was bathing

Commodus

• Son of Marcus Aurelius

• Often dressed like Hercules

• Sometimes fought as a gladiator

• Assassinated by a former wrestler while he was bathing

??????

• With all these problems, how does the Empire survive for another 300 years?

For Monday

• Reading pgs 183-191

• Reading Quiz Monday

Trade, Industry, and Farming

• Economic Prosperity

• Extensive trade -- food and luxury goods

• Agriculture the primary occupation

• Gulf between rich and poor

• Upper classes needed to be supported by agricultural surplus – Increased Taxation

Roman Colonization

Greco-Roman Civilization

• Mixture of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures

Roman Architecture

Roman Architecture

The Roman Amphitheater

Other Amphitheaters

Rome’s View of Religion

• Variety of religions in the Roman Empire

• Rome was tolerant, but citizens had to accept Roman gods

Would this acceptance be easier in a monotheistic society or a polytheistic society? Why?

The Jewish Revolt (66-70 A.D)

• Violently put down by the Romans

• Jerusalem is destroyed

• Many Jews leave the Region

• Messiah – king sent by God

• It is during this time period that Christianity began gaining popularity

A New Religion

• Some saw Jesus as the messiah

• Others saw him as dangerous

• He was a threat to the Jewish leadership and Roman rule

Christianity Spreads

• Followers traveled throughout the empire and converted others

– How did the Roman Empire actually help this religion spread?

Persecution

• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs

Persecution

• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs

Persecution

• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs

Persecution

• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs

• 313 A.D. Constantine grants religious freedom

Internal Decay

• Struggles for power

• Legions install their leaders as Emperors

• Many are quickly assassinated and replaced

Economic Problems

• High taxes, less productive land, more poverty

• Constant warfare

– Impact on the economy?

Attempts at Reform

• Diocletian (284 A.D.)

– Divides the Empire• How could this help?

Attempts at Reform

• Diocletian (284 A.D.)

– Divides the Empire

– Resigns due to ill health, empire continues to decline

Attempts at Reform

• Constantine (312 A.D.)

– Religious tolerance

Attempts at Reform

• Constantine (312 A.D.)

– Religious tolerance

– Establishes a new Capital, Constantinople

Theodosius

• Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires

Theodosius

• Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires

• Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire

Theodosius

• Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires

• Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire

Invasions

• Invasions by Germanic tribes could not be stopped by weakening legions

How did it happen?

• Mercenaries – foreign soldiers fighting for Rome

• Social problems

– Idea of Rome fades

– Impact of Bread and Circuses

The End?

• Eastern Roman Empire survived until the 1400’s (Byzantine Empire)