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The skull
Forensic anthropology
The Skull Total # - 22
8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Calvarium – cranium without face Sutures: serrated and interdigitated The only moveable (synovial) joints
Occipital condyles and C1 TMJ
The Frontal Bone
Unpaired Recognizable by the sinuses Articulations?
Individual identification: unfused frontal (called metopic suture), variable sinuses
2 growth centers (R&L)
Is the frontal useful?
Yes!
Age – the metopic suture fuses ~2-4 years
Sex determination Supercilliary arch / frontal boss Supraorbital margin Temporal line
The Parietals Paired Rectangular shaped
Articulations?
Individual ID: variable sutures and foramen placement
Growth – single growth center
Are the parietals useful?
Mostly for age
General thickness becomes more uniform with adulthood
Fuses with parietal only with advanced age
The occipital Unpaired Ovoid with a big hole in it… Articulations?
Individual ID: Inca bone p. 50 (usually triangular or rectangular)
Growth - 4 parts: squamous, 2 laterals, basial (pars basilaris usually survives)
Is the occipital useful? Yes!!!
Age Pars basilaris
Fuses to squamous portion at 1-3 years Fuses to the rest at 5-7 years Fuses to sphenoid during mid teens
Sex External occipital protuberance Superior and inferior nuchal lines
The temporals
Paired Circular (with a large process for ear canal) Articulations?
Individual ID: suture variation
Growth – 3 parts: petrous, squamousal, tympanic ring)
Are the temporal useful?
Age The 3 parts are joined by ~5 years old
Sex Mastoid process
The sphenoid
Unpaired Butterfly shaped Articulations?
Growth – many centers fuse by birth into 3 parts (wings separated by body) which fuse by 1 year old
The zygomatics
Paired facial bones Triangular with maxillary, frontal, and temporal
processes Forms lateral wall of orbit Articulations?
Individual ID: variable sutures
Growth – 1 center,
Are the zygomatics useful?
Age Zygomatics fully formed by 2-3 years old
Race Suture pattern of the zygomaxillary junction
generally related to race
The ethmoid Found at the base of the frontal, anterior to the
sphenoid Very uniquely shaped Forms part of the orbit (medial wall)
Need to know Crista galli Perpendicular plate
Other bones of the face Not typically found,
not particularly useful in ID
The NASALS
The inferior nasal conchae (found in nasal aperture internally, posterior to the nasal bones
The lacrimals –tear ducts
The palatines – at back of mouth, found behind palatine process of maxillae
Vomer – small wedge of bone btw pterygoid processes of sphenoid (bisects nasal cavity)
The teeth
The Maxillae
Paired, facial Contribute to structure of eyes, nose, mouth 3 processes; frontal, zygomatic, palatine Articulations?
Individual ID: dental arch, teeth, prominence of mouth and nose
Are the maxillae useful?
Yes!
Age – TEETH!!!
Race: Width of nasal aperature Projection of nose and mouth Dental arch shape
The Maxillae Paired, facial Contribute to
structure of eyes, nose, mouth
3 processes; frontal, zygomatic, palatine
Articulations?
Individual ID: dental arch, teeth, prominence of mouth and nose
Are the maxillae useful?
Yes!
Age – TEETH!!!
Race: Width of nasal aperature Projection of nose and mouth Dental arch shape
The mandible Single bone U-shaped with vertical processes Contains teeth: functions largely as muscle
attachments (chewing muscles and tongue) and holds teeth
Individual ID: variable shape of jaw, teeth
Growth – 2 centers
Is the mandible useful?
YES!!
Age 2 halves fuse by 6-8 months
Sex Mental protuberance Gonial angle
The mandible Single bone U-shaped with vertical processes Contains teeth: functions largely as muscle
attachments (chewing muscles and tongue) and holds teeth
Is the mandible useful? YES!!
Individual ID: variable shape of jaw, teeth
Growth – 2 centers
Age 2 halves fuse by 6-8 months
Sex Mental protuberance Gonial angle
Teeth!!!!!
Directional terminology Labial: toward lips Buccal: toward cheek Lingual: toward tongue
Mesial: toward midline Distal: toward back of mouth, away from midline
Teeth We talk about teeth in
quadrants (RU, RL, LU, LL), 8 in each
Short hand examples… Upper, lower, left, right
4 types Incisors (2) Canines (1) Premolars (2) Molars (3)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor
4 typesIncisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar
www.dkimages.com
Incisors
8 total
Anterior teeth Single straight edge with no cusps Single root
http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v203/n10/thumbs/bdj.2007.1059-f1.jpg
Canines
4 total
Distal to incisors Single cusp Single root
www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/CanMand.gif
Premolars 8 total
Distal to canine
2 cusps Buccal root larger
1-2 roots
http://www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/PreMandTwo.gif
Molars
12 total
Multiple cusps Multiple roots
Complex morphology for chewing and grinding
Upper molars generally have more roots
www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/MolarDownOne.gif
http://www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/MOLARS%20upper.htm www.tpub.com
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