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4/13/15
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The Feeling Mind How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related?
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Differentiate emotion and motivation, and analyze their relationship to each other. L02
L07
Motivation and Emotion
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© Yuri Arcurs/Shutterstock; © koh sze kiat/Shutterstock; © Blend Images/Shutterstock; © Chepko Danil Vitalevich/Shutterstock; © Pete Saloutos/Shutterstock; © forestpath/Shutterstock
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Motivation and Emotion are Distinct Processes
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How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Motivations
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Mo#va#ons are psychological processes that define our goals and guide goal-‐directed
behavior.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Emotion
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Emo#ons are combina#ons of physical sensa#ons in the body and subjec#ve feelings that we experience automa#cally in response
to certain kinds of s#muli.
(Emo#ons are also oAen accompanied by cogni#ve appraisals to be discussed toward
the end of this lecture.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Motivation versus Emotion
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MOTIVATION
EMOTIONS
Determines stimuli that evoke
Increase salience, promote action
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
What Does It Mean to Be Motivated?
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L05 L06
Analyze the physiological and environmental factors that influence hunger and eating.
L01
Assess the roles of evolved preferences and physiological and environmental factors in sexual motivation, considering how this motivation varies with gender and over time.
Compare and contrast achievement and affiliation motivation in terms of predictors and implication for life outcomes. L07
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Hierarchy of Needs: Classic and Modern Perspectives
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Self-actualization
Esteem (respect)
Love (affection, belongingness)
Safety
Immediate physiological needs
Parenting
Mate retention
Mate acquisition
Status/esteem
Affiliation
Self protection
Immediate physiological needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy Kenrick’s Hierarchy
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Affiliation Motivation
© oli
vero
mg/S
hutte
rstoc
k
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Humans depend on each other for survival as well as emotional security.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Achievement Motivation
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0
10
20
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50
60
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80
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Control High Power
Blackjack Hit
Turn Off Fan
Perce
nt Ta
king A
ction
© Ja
com
Step
hens
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kpho
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High-status individuals have more control over material as well as social resources.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
4/13/15
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Reproductive Motivation
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Parenting
Mate retention
Mate acquisition
Status/esteem
Affiliation
Self protection
Immediate physiological needs
© Ty
ler O
lson/S
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Parenting
Mate retention
Mate acquisition
Status/esteem
Affiliation
Self protection
Immediate physiological needs
Kenrick’s Hierarchy
© AV
AVA/
Shutt
ersto
ck
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Testosterone
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© Ma
rtin M
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thy/iS
tockp
hoto
Although testosterone is usually associated with men, both men and women have this hormone, and it is an important factor in sexual interest. Among women, varia#ons in testosterone are reliably correlated with interest in and enjoyment of sexMen normally have about ten times the circulating testosterone that women do.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Ovulation
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0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
Days of menstrual cycle
Accu
racy
0.90
Day 1 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Mate Preferences
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How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
Sex and Emotional Bonding
© Ce
ngag
e Lea
rning
2013
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0 20 40 60 80
100 120
Time s
pent
in ch
ambe
r (mi
n)
Partner
Prairie Montane
Neutral Stranger
Species of vole
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Partner Stranger
Most of our Sexual Motivation is Creative and Mental not because of a Hormonal drive/set point!
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Can a memory be forgoNen and then remembered? Can a 'ʹmemory'ʹ be ‘suggested’ and then later remembered as true?
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What Are the Advantages of Memory?
What Are the Different Types of
Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term
Memory Organized? How Do We
Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory?
How Can We Improve Memory?
“Recovered Memory”” Controversy 80’s & 90’s towards beNer understanding of “Betrayal Trauma”
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What Are the Advantages of Memory?
What Are the Different Types of
Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term
Memory Organized? How Do We
Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory?
How Can We Improve Memory?
Reconstruction and False Memories
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What Are the Advantages of Memory?
What Are the Different Types of
Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term
Memory Organized? How Do We
Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory?
How Can We Improve Memory?
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Motivated ForgeNing for our Poor Decisions to preserve positive views of the self
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Sometimes our goals make it inconvenient to remember certain information.
What Are the Advantages of Memory?
What Are the Different Types of
Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term
Memory Organized? How Do We
Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory?
How Can We Improve Memory?
Why Are We Emotional? L02 L03 L04 L05 L06
Associate aspects of emotional responding with activation of central and autonomic nervous system structures.
L01
Evaluate the roles of nature, nurture, and their interaction in explaining human communication of emotion, based on research evidence.
Differentiate major theories of emotion in terms of the relationship between physical sensations and subjective feelings.
L07
Biology of Emotion: Amygdala
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© Ce
ngag
e Lea
rning
2013
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Biology of Emotion: Insula
© Ar
gosy
Pub
lishin
g, Inc
.
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Temporal lobe (pulled down)
Frontal lobe Central sulcus
Gyri of insula
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Biology of Emotion: Cingulate Cortex
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Amygdala
Cingulate cortex
Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus Hippocampus
Frontal lobe
© Ar
gosy
Pub
lishin
g, Inc
.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Biology of Emotion: Autonomic Nervous System
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12
10
8
6
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2
0
2
Hear
t rate
chan
ge (b
eat/m
in)
Ange
r
Fear
Sadn
ess
Happ
iness
Surp
rise
Disg
ust
Emotions
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.12
.08
.04
0
-.04
Temp
eratu
re ch
ange
(deg
rees
)
Ange
r
Fear
Sadn
ess
Happ
iness
Surp
rise
Disg
ust
Emotions
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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How are Feelings and Physical Sensations Related?
© Bo
rut T
rdina
/Pho
tos.co
m
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How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
James-‐‑Lange Theory
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© Ju
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cks/i
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to; ©
Mar
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Stimulus Physical responses Subjective feeling
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Cannon-‐‑Bard Theory
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Stimulus
Physical responses
Subjective feeling
© Ju
stin H
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to; ©
Mar
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How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Schachter-‐‑Singer Theory
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Stimulus General arousal Subjective feeling Assessment of surroundings
© Ju
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© Yu
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stock
; ©
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How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Evolution and Emotional Expression
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100
90
70
60
40
20
0 Happiness Surprise Sadness Fear Disgust Anger
Western
80
50
30
10
Non-Western
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Somatovisceral Afference Model
© Ian
Pate
rson/A
lamy
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Is this a young woman or an old one?
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Expressing Emotions
© Pa
ul Ek
man,
Ph.D
./Pau
l Ekm
an G
roup
, LLC
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These photos were used in early studies of emotion expression recognition by Paul Ekman.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Micro Emotions • “Recognizing Feelings and Faces” with Paul Ekman. (May 22, 2003). Fresh Air. NPR.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1271998 (23:52) • “Facial Expressions Test” by Meredith Levinson. CIO. • http://www.cio.com/article/2451808/careers-staffing/facial-expressions-test.html
• When people deliberately try to conceal (or unconsciously repress) their emotions, a very brief, involuntary facial expression may occur. These “micro expressions” only last 1/15 to 1/25 of a second, but may offer a clue as to how another person is really feeling—or even if he or she may be lying.
• Paul Ekman, a psychologist, has conducted over 40 years of research on micro expressions and deception and has developed a method, The Micro Expression Training Tool (METT), which is designed to help you recognize and identify these flashes of emotion. Play the NPR podcast with Paul Elman.
• When finished, test your ability to recognize micro emotions by taking the Facial Expressions Test. This tool is similar to Ekman’s METT. Pressing a number will display a face. A micro expression will quickly flash across the face. You should then be able to say which of the seven emotions (sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt, or happiness) you saw. If correct, the box in the upper right hand corner will read “right.” If not, the box will read “wrong.” Keep track of your scores in a notebook and be ready to discuss and answer the questions below.
• Reflections • Answer following questions in one to two sentences each: • How challenging was this task for you? • Which emotions did you find easiest to identify? Most difficult? • What do you think a micro emotion might be able to tell you? What are its limitations? • Would you make an accusation based on a micro emotion? Why or why not? •
•
Facial expressions in a Social and Cultural context However, Despite the apparent Universality of basic Facial expressions there are important social and Cultural influences on how well people recognize them. 1. Familiarity 2. Can mean different things at different times 3. Cultures differ in the aGention they pay to context 4. People use expressions to lie about their feelings
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Culture and emotion
Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about. Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other culture. e.g., schadenfreude in German, hagaii in Japan There are some cultures that don’t have words for emotions that seem universal to others. Tahitians and sadness Differences in secondary emotions appear to be reflected in differences in languages.
Rules of emotional regulation Display rules When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelched
Emotion work Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to create the right emotion for the occasion. Ex: Flight aNendants.
Body language The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, and gaze that people constantly express
11 The mind in emotion Explanations of events predict emotion beGer than the event itself. Many emotions cannot be experience without a sense of self and an understanding of social expectations. Your thoughts about something are intimately connected to how you feel about it. Emotions are psycholgical states of readiness for action or a change in readiness. Changes of readiness are normally based on evaluations of something happening that affects our immediate concerns.
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How thoughts create emotions Perceptions and aGributions are involved in emotions. How one reacts to an event depends on how he/she explains it. For example, how one reacts to being ignored (what is the reason? They are busy? They just don’t like you? or Winning the silver instead of the gold medal. Who is usually happier? The winner of the silver or the winner of the gold? Why? Philosophy of life is also influential. (Most people are basically good? Most people cannot be trusted?)
11 How thoughts create emotions continued….
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How thoughts create emotions continued…. Perceptions and aGributions are involved in emotions. • How one reacts to an event depends on how he/she explains it. “So we have the paradox of a man shamed to death because he is only the second pugilist or the second oarsman in the world. That he is able to beat the whole population of the globe minus one is nothing; he has “pitted” himself to beat that one; and as long as he doesn’t do that nothing else counts.” (James, 1892) • In 1892, psychologist William James wrote these words in this foundational book, The Principles of Psychology.
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11 How thoughts create emotions continued….
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How thoughts create emotions continued….
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How thoughts create emotions continued….
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