Theoretical Perspectives Biological Perspective Psychodynamic model Behavioral and Cognitive...

Theoretical Perspectives

Theoretical Perspectives

Biological Perspective

Psychodynamic model

Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Sociocultural Perspective

The Psychodynamic Model

Freud’s Theory

Unconscious

Conscious

Preconscious

Three Levels of Consciousness

The Psychodynamic Model

Freud’s Levels of Consciousness

Psychoanalysis

The Psychodynamic Model

Freud’s Theory

Id

follows the pleasure principle

Life instincts

Death instincts

Libido

The Psychodynamic Model

Freud’s Theory Ego

follows the reality principle

The Psychodynamic Model

Freud’s Theory

The Defense Mechanisms

1. Repression - the the ejection of anxiety-ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from evoking ideas from awarenessawareness

The Defense Mechanisms

2. Denial -

Refusal to accept Refusal to accept the true nature the true nature of a threatof a threat

The Defense Mechanisms

3. Fantasy - Gratifying frustrated - Gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary achievementsdesires by imaginary achievements

reality imagination

The Defense Mechanisms

4. Projection - The thrusting of one’s The thrusting of one’s own unacceptable impulses onto own unacceptable impulses onto others so that others are assumed to others so that others are assumed to harbor themharbor them

The Defense Mechanisms

5. Rationalization - the use of the use of self-deceiving justifications self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable behavior for unacceptable behavior

6. Reaction formation - Assumption of behavior in opposition to Assumption of behavior in opposition to one’s genuine impulses in order to keep one’s genuine impulses in order to keep impulses repressed impulses repressed

The Defense Mechanisms

The Defense Mechanisms

7. Displacement - The transfer of ideas and The transfer of ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable impulses from threatening or unsuitable objects to less threatening objectsobjects to less threatening objects

The Defense Mechanisms

8. Intellectualization (isolation) -

analyze threatening analyze threatening issues in an emotionally issues in an emotionally detached waydetached way

The Defense Mechanisms

9. Undoing - Person tries to make up for - Person tries to make up for unacceptable desires or acts, frequently unacceptable desires or acts, frequently through ritualistic behaviorthrough ritualistic behavior

The Defense Mechanisms

10. Regression -

the return, under the return, under stress, to a form of stress, to a form of behavior characteristic behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of of an earlier stage of developmentdevelopment

The Defense Mechanisms

11. Overcompensation - Masking perceived Masking perceived weaknesses by developing positive traits weaknesses by developing positive traits to make up for limitationsto make up for limitations

The Defense Mechanisms

12. Sublimation - The channeling of The channeling of socially unacceptable impulses into socially unacceptable impulses into positive, constructive efforts positive, constructive efforts

The Defense Mechanisms

13. Identification –

The tendency to base The tendency to base one’s identity and one’s identity and actions on individuals actions on individuals who are successful in who are successful in gaining satisfaction gaining satisfaction from life from life

The Psychodynamic Model

Freud’s Theory

Superego

follows the moral principle

conscience

ego ideal

Stages of Psychosexual Development

The oral stageThe oral stageoral receptive

oral aggressive

Stages of Psychosexual Development

The anal The anal stagestageanal-retentive

anal-expulsive

Stages of Psychosexual Development

The phallic stageThe phallic stage

Oedipus complex

castration anxiety

Electra complex

penis envy

Stages of Psychosexual Development

The latency stageThe latency stage

The genital stageThe genital stage

Incest taboo

The Psychodynamic Model

Other Psychodynamic Explanations

Carl Jung Alfred Adler

Ego theorists Self theorists

Object relations theorists

Karen Horney

The Psychodynamic Model

Psychodynamic Therapies

Free Association

Therapist Interpretation resistance transference

dreams

The Psychodynamic Model

The Meaning of Dreams

Day Residue

Psychodynamic Therapies

Stimulus Incorporation

The Psychodynamic Model

Manifest content

Latent content

Dream Interpretation

The Psychodynamic Model

Psychodynamic Therapies

Catharsis

Working Through

Humanistic Perspective

Humanism

frames of reference self-esteem unconditional positive regard conditional positive regard conditions of worth

Carl Rogers

client-centered therapy

Abraham Maslow

The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Explanations

Family PerspectiveFamily PerspectiveIntergenerational

Family systems theory enmeshed structureenmeshed structure

disengagementdisengagement

Social networks and supportsSocial networks and supports

Societal labels and rolesSocietal labels and roles

Strategic

Experiential

The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Explanations

CultureCulture

Societal conditionsSocietal conditions

Religion and SpiritualityReligion and Spirituality

The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Therapies

Group TherapyGroup Therapy

Family TherapyFamily Therapystructural family therapy conjoint family therapy

Multicultural ApproachMulticultural Approach

gender-sensitive or feminist therapy

self-help group

The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Therapies

Couple Therapy or Marital TherapyCouple Therapy or Marital Therapy

Milieu TherapyMilieu Therapy

The Behavioral Model

Classical Conditioning

The Behavioral Model

Classical Conditioning

The unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the

unlearned stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

The Behavioral Model

Classical Conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been repeatedly paired with a stimulus that already elicited that response

The conditioned response (CR) is a response similar to the unconditioned response but is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

The Behavioral Model

Classical Conditioning Paradigm

CS

(salivation)

(bell)

CRUCS

UCR(meat powder)

The Behavioral Model

Watson and Raynor Study

Film

The Behavioral Model

Operant conditioning

The Behavioral Model

Positive Reinforcement

Increases the frequency of a responseIncreases the frequency of a response

m

m & m & mm & m

m & m m & m

m & m m & m

m & m

m & m

Primary reinforcer

Secondary reinforcer

Primary and Secondary Reinforcement

The Behavioral Model

Extinction

Social Learning

Modeling

Vicarious reinforcement

Vicarious punishment

The Behavioral Model Negative Reinforcement

Increases the probability that a response will occur when the painful stimulus is removed

Ouch!

Cognitive Based Theory

Cognitive Explanations

Illogical thinking processes

Behavioral Therapies

Systematic desensitization

Fear hierarchy

Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies

Behavioral Therapies

Contingency Management Techniques

Behavior Modification

Token Economies

Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies

Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies

Cognitive Restructuring

Panic Control Therapy (PCT)

Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Cognitive Therapies

Self-efficacy

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Pons

Hindbrain

Medulla

Cerebellum

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Forebrain

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

The Biological Model

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Biological Explanations

Limbic System

Septal area

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Cerebral Cortex

fissures

The Biological Model

Biological ExplanationsParts of a Neuron

Cell body

Cytoplasm

Myelin Sheath

Nodes of Ranvier

Axon Terminals

Synaptic knobs

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Parts of a Neuron

The Biological ModelBiological ExplanationsSynaptic Transmission

A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a synapse.

A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron, a dendrite or soma of a receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled gap between the two called a synaptic gap.

The Biological Model

Biological ExplanationsSynaptic Transmission

In axon terminals there are sacs or synaptic vesicles that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

The neurotransmitter floats across the gap and fits into a specific location on a dendrite called a receptor site.

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Endocrine System

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Endocrine SystemAdrenal Glands

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Endocrine SystemPancreas

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Endocrine SystemGonads

Testes Ovaries

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Endocrine System

Thyroid Gland

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Endocrine System

Pineal Gland

The Biological Model

Genetic InfluencesChromosomes

Genes

Evolution

Mutation

Viral Infections

The Biological Model

Biological Therapies

Psychotropic medications

Antianxiety drugs

Antidepressant drugs

Antibipolar drugs

Antipsychotic drugs

The Biological Model

Biological Therapies

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

The Biological Model

Biological Therapies Psychosurgery

Biopsychosocial Perspectives

Biopsychosocial Theories

Diathesis-stress view

The End