Theoretical Perspectives Biological Perspective Psychodynamic model Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective Humanistic Perspective Sociocultural Perspective

Theoretical Perspectives

Theoretical Perspectives

Biological Perspective

Psychodynamic model

Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Sociocultural Perspective

The Psychodynamic Model

Freud’s Theory

Unconscious

Conscious

Preconscious

Three Levels of Consciousness


Freud’s Levels of Consciousness

Psychoanalysis


Freud’s Theory

Id

follows the pleasure principle

Life instincts

Death instincts

Libido


Freud’s Theory Ego

follows the reality principle


Freud’s Theory

The Defense Mechanisms

1. Repression - the the ejection of anxiety-ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from evoking ideas from awarenessawareness


2. Denial -

Refusal to accept Refusal to accept the true nature the true nature of a threatof a threat


3. Fantasy - Gratifying frustrated - Gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary achievementsdesires by imaginary achievements

reality imagination


4. Projection - The thrusting of one’s The thrusting of one’s own unacceptable impulses onto own unacceptable impulses onto others so that others are assumed to others so that others are assumed to harbor themharbor them


5. Rationalization - the use of the use of self-deceiving justifications self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable behavior for unacceptable behavior

6. Reaction formation - Assumption of behavior in opposition to Assumption of behavior in opposition to one’s genuine impulses in order to keep one’s genuine impulses in order to keep impulses repressed impulses repressed



7. Displacement - The transfer of ideas and The transfer of ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable impulses from threatening or unsuitable objects to less threatening objectsobjects to less threatening objects


8. Intellectualization (isolation) -

analyze threatening analyze threatening issues in an emotionally issues in an emotionally detached waydetached way


9. Undoing - Person tries to make up for - Person tries to make up for unacceptable desires or acts, frequently unacceptable desires or acts, frequently through ritualistic behaviorthrough ritualistic behavior


10. Regression -

the return, under the return, under stress, to a form of stress, to a form of behavior characteristic behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of of an earlier stage of developmentdevelopment


11. Overcompensation - Masking perceived Masking perceived weaknesses by developing positive traits weaknesses by developing positive traits to make up for limitationsto make up for limitations


12. Sublimation - The channeling of The channeling of socially unacceptable impulses into socially unacceptable impulses into positive, constructive efforts positive, constructive efforts


13. Identification –

The tendency to base The tendency to base one’s identity and one’s identity and actions on individuals actions on individuals who are successful in who are successful in gaining satisfaction gaining satisfaction from life from life


Freud’s Theory

Superego

follows the moral principle

conscience

ego ideal

Stages of Psychosexual Development

The oral stageThe oral stageoral receptive

oral aggressive


The anal The anal stagestageanal-retentive

anal-expulsive


The phallic stageThe phallic stage

Oedipus complex

castration anxiety

Electra complex

penis envy


The latency stageThe latency stage

The genital stageThe genital stage

Incest taboo


Other Psychodynamic Explanations

Carl Jung Alfred Adler

Ego theorists Self theorists

Object relations theorists

Karen Horney


Psychodynamic Therapies

Free Association

Therapist Interpretation resistance transference

dreams


The Meaning of Dreams

Day Residue


Stimulus Incorporation


Manifest content

Latent content

Dream Interpretation



Catharsis

Working Through

Humanistic Perspective

Humanism

frames of reference self-esteem unconditional positive regard conditional positive regard conditions of worth

Carl Rogers

client-centered therapy

Abraham Maslow

The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Explanations

Family PerspectiveFamily PerspectiveIntergenerational

Family systems theory enmeshed structureenmeshed structure

disengagementdisengagement

Social networks and supportsSocial networks and supports

Societal labels and rolesSocietal labels and roles

Strategic

Experiential


Sociocultural Explanations

CultureCulture

Societal conditionsSocietal conditions

Religion and SpiritualityReligion and Spirituality


Sociocultural Therapies

Group TherapyGroup Therapy

Family TherapyFamily Therapystructural family therapy conjoint family therapy

Multicultural ApproachMulticultural Approach

gender-sensitive or feminist therapy

self-help group


Sociocultural Therapies

Couple Therapy or Marital TherapyCouple Therapy or Marital Therapy

Milieu TherapyMilieu Therapy

The Behavioral Model

Classical Conditioning



The unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the

unlearned stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning



The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been repeatedly paired with a stimulus that already elicited that response

The conditioned response (CR) is a response similar to the unconditioned response but is elicited by the conditioned stimulus


Classical Conditioning Paradigm

CS

(salivation)

(bell)

CRUCS

UCR(meat powder)


Watson and Raynor Study

Film


Operant conditioning


Positive Reinforcement

Increases the frequency of a responseIncreases the frequency of a response

m

m & m & mm & m

m & m m & m

m & m m & m

m & m

m & m

Primary reinforcer

Secondary reinforcer

Primary and Secondary Reinforcement


Extinction

Social Learning

Modeling

Vicarious reinforcement

Vicarious punishment

The Behavioral Model Negative Reinforcement

Increases the probability that a response will occur when the painful stimulus is removed

Ouch!

Cognitive Based Theory

Cognitive Explanations

Illogical thinking processes

Behavioral Therapies

Systematic desensitization

Fear hierarchy

Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies

Behavioral Therapies

Contingency Management Techniques

Behavior Modification

Token Economies



Cognitive Restructuring

Panic Control Therapy (PCT)

Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Cognitive Therapies

Self-efficacy

The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Pons

Hindbrain

Medulla

Cerebellum



Forebrain

Thalamus

Hypothalamus


Amygdala

Hippocampus


Limbic System

Septal area



The Cerebral Cortex

fissures


Biological ExplanationsParts of a Neuron

Cell body

Cytoplasm

Myelin Sheath

Nodes of Ranvier

Axon Terminals

Synaptic knobs



Parts of a Neuron

The Biological ModelBiological ExplanationsSynaptic Transmission

A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a synapse.

A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron, a dendrite or soma of a receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled gap between the two called a synaptic gap.


Biological ExplanationsSynaptic Transmission

In axon terminals there are sacs or synaptic vesicles that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

The neurotransmitter floats across the gap and fits into a specific location on a dendrite called a receptor site.



The Endocrine System




Pituitary Gland



The Endocrine SystemAdrenal Glands



The Endocrine SystemPancreas



The Endocrine SystemGonads

Testes Ovaries




Thyroid Gland




Pineal Gland


Genetic InfluencesChromosomes

Genes

Evolution

Mutation

Viral Infections


Biological Therapies

Psychotropic medications

Antianxiety drugs

Antidepressant drugs

Antibipolar drugs

Antipsychotic drugs


Biological Therapies

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)


Biological Therapies Psychosurgery

Biopsychosocial Perspectives

Biopsychosocial Theories

Diathesis-stress view

The End

Documents

Theoretical Perspectives Biological Perspective Psychodynamic model Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective Humanistic Perspective Sociocultural Perspective