Theories of Governance and Political Economy

Theories of Governance and

Political EconomyPIA 2000

Introduction to Public Affairs

1. Comparison by Structure- Unit for comparison

2. Ideal Types

3. The Rationality Debate

4. Governance Processes

5. Dysfunctional Governance

6. Reform vs. Rhetoric

Overview: Review of Broad Theoretical Themes

Holland“Very Impressive, my colleague....

but does it also work in theory”

1. The Rational Model

2. Authoritarian

3. Mobilizing Regime- Party Dominant

4. Fused- Cabinet Government

5. Separation of Powers- “Congressional”

6. Federal vs. Unitary

7. Territorial (Cantonal) vs. Corporate

8. Corruption, Reform and the Problem of Efficiency

Systems and Processes of Government: Issues of the Day

1916-2006

Author of the Week: Ferrel Heady, “Father” of Comparative Public Administration. Systems Focus

Ferrel Heady

Died August 16, 2006

Strong Advocate of Comparative Methodology

Origins

1. Not reality: eg. Model Airplane

2. A kind of Model

3. Deviations can be measured

4. Method: By comparison to the model

I. Rationality, Ideal Types and Bureaucracies

Structural Characteristics

Black and White not GreyAn Ideal Type

Matrix

1. Organization highly differentiated

2. Rational decisions and procedures

3. High activity levels and efficiency

4. Power and authority are legitimate

5. Popular involvement and acceptance of procedures and decisions

Shared Characteristics of Ideal Type of Bureaucracy: The Legal Rational Model

Title of Image: Rationality

“What is wrong with this Picture?”

Contractual Agreement: Basic to Rationality

1. Scientific Management: Time and Motion- (Taylor)

2. Human Resource Management: Social Comfort-Hawthorne Experiments

The Rationality Debate: A Behavioral Focus

“Scientific management is a theory of management that analizes and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity” Taylor

1936Modern Times

430-6:00

Scientific Management

Human Relations School

Hawthorne Study: he Hawthorne effect - an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and made to feel important and improved work.

“The Hawthorn Effect” The term was coined in 1955 by Henry A. Landsberger when analysing older experiments from 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works (a Western Electric factory outside Chicago).

Hawthorne Factory

Governance Processes

From the World of Samuel P. Huntington Political Order in Changing Societies

Politics vs. Administration

2. Authoritarian-Submission to Authority and Demand for Conformance

Social Mobilization vs. Social Engineering

Structures and Processes….

Burma 2008

Party Cadres: What does it mean in 2012?

Authoritarianism and Ideology“Red vs. Expert”

The Mobilizing Regime: Party Dominant

Defined

“Social mobilization is the process of mobilizing all societal and personal influences with the aim of prompting individual, family, group or societal level action”

1. Pluralist Systems- Interest Group with experts Have Access Issues

2. Dominant Party Regimes- defacto or de jure“no party states”. Access Complicated

3. Mobilization Regimes: Populist vs. Leninist: Access difficult

4. Totalitarian Regimes: Fascist vs. Communist: Access Impossible?

Party Dominance: “Red vs. Expert” and Interests

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883- 28 April 1945)

1. Traditional

2. Personalist/Charismatic

3. Unstable Pendulum Regimes

4. Administrative States/Organizational Bourgeoisie

5. Military Regimes

6. Mobilizing Regimes

Bureaucratic Dominant Systems

1. Bureaucracy as Authoritarian

a. Subject****

b. Citizen

c. Customer

Criticism of Administrative Systems

Review of Distinctions

Institutionalized Governance

a. Merit Selection

b. Hierarchy- Chain of Command

c. Division of Labor and functional specialization

d. Administrative work: full time, no sinecures

e. Contractual agreement

f. Professional or technical training

The Legal-Rational Model (Redeux)

Fused- Cabinet System

Separation of Powers- Congressional

Federal vs. Unity Federalism- Layer Cake vs. Marble Cake (Dresang and Gosling)

Marble Cake Layer Cake

Territorial (Cantonal) vs. Corporate- Unitary

Unitary Systems of Government

Geographical- UnityCorporate- Democratic or Authoritarian

Coffee BreakTen Minutes

Dysfunctional Governance

8. Corruption and the Problem of Efficiency

May 17, 2009 ... The accusations of corruption “hurts Pittsburgh,” said Mr. Ravenstahl, who has focused most of his attention on Mr. Dowd's attacks.

Impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle

In broad terms, political corruption is the misuse of public office for private gain.

Ethics and Corruption Debates

1. Dysfunctionalism- The “Yes Minister” TV Series and Franz Kafka

2. Corruption and Culture-Robert Klitgaard (Claremont Graduate University)

3. Bashing Bureaucrats: Bob Miewald (University of Nebraska) and (Michael Barzeley, London School of Economics)

Corruption and the “New Public Management”

Yes Minister

The Permanent Secretary is trying to explain the Prime Minister the concept of "not-true".

The Call for Reform?

The Bureaucracy as Controlling

a. The Perfect Library- No books checked out

b. Tied up in Red Tape- The red ribbon which ties up files in U.K.

c. Standard Operating Procedures

Not Corruption but Criticism

Bureaurat BashingGeorge Wallace”

“They are all burro crats”

Reform or RhetoricDebates

Civil Service Reform: Exchequer

Administrative Reform- includes public corporations and Parastatals

Structural Reforms- Organizational Focus

Policy Reforms- Focus on state functions

Organizational and Motivational Reforms

Reforming the Public Sector

1. Shortage of Skilled Professionals

2. Structures Imported and “imitative” of classical European Structures

3. Personalization of public sector actions

4. Formalism rather than realism

5. Lack of Operational opportunity

Development Management vs. Management Development (Developing States): A Chicken and Egg Issue?

The Chicken and the Egg Problem

1. Detailed monthly budget approvals

2. Centrally-driven strategic planning

3. Powerful staff members with no line responsibility

4. Many-layered approval procedures

5. Many-layered, strictly observed payment bands

6. Rigid status symbols

7. Hefty corporate manuals and "bibles"

The Bureaucracy: Signs of Dysfunction: More on Corruption

1. “Sala” and the Iron Triangle”

2. Satisficing, incrementalism and budget reform

3. Oversight Failure: Press, Civil Society and Legislature (Transparency)

4. Public goods Failures- Explains Corruption

5. Rent Seeking

6. Free Rider Problems

7. Bureaucratic pathologies Video

Policy Issues and Underdevelopment

"...the Sala is associated with unequal distribution of services, institutionalized corruption, inefficiency in rule application, nepotism in recruitment, bureaucratic enclaves dominated by motives of self-protection, and, in general, a pronounced gap between formal expectations and actual behavior. ...“

Ferrel Heady

Sala: The Multi-functional Room

Sala A Multi-functional

Room

View from the Philippines Is Corruption Contextual?

Policy Advocates

Discussion Overview Nicholas Lemann, The Great Black

Migration

George Orwell, Shooting the Elephant

Huey P. Long and “All the King’s Men”

Jim Mayfield, Go to the People

The Black Migration from the South to the Midwest. Lemann-below

New Book: Isabel Wilkerson The Warmth of Other Suns, her massive and masterly account of the Great Migration.

New Authors George Orwell, 1903 to 1950, Jim Mayfield, University of Utah

Orwell last row, third from the left Alice Huie and James

Yen

James Thurber, “The Greatest Man in the World

“All the King’s Men”

Robert Penn Warren Huey P. Long

Louisiana or Italy? Is He Willy Stark?

Next Week’s Possible Discussions V. S. Naipaul, In a Free State

Robert Penn Warren, All the King’s Men

Daniel Okrent, Last Call

C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite

James Lemman, The Black Migration