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Changes in the International Political

System

Prepared by:Kristina Jane Pantanoza

Changes in the International system were:

The rise of Soviet Union, the world’s first Communist StateThe emergence of the British Commonwealth of NationsCivil War in SpainRise of Fascist Italy Rise of Militarist JapanRise of Nazi Germany

Rise of Soviet Union

Last czarist ruler of Russian

Nicholas II

Russian Revolution

Began in March of 1917 when Crowds of FreezingStarving people protested the harsh conditions in Petrograd

Petrograd- the capital of Russia due to the warThe soldier refused to fire on the hungry riotersInstead they joined together informing soviets of councils of workers, peasants and soldiers.

Abdication of the Last Czarist Ruler

March 15,1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicated on his positionHe and his family were taken to the village in SiberiaLater, killed by Bolshevik Communist guards on July 16, 1918

Prince Lyov

Led the provisional Government after the Addition of CzarComposed of leaders “Duma”

Union Of Soviet Socialist Republic or USSRSoviet Union for shortAfter Lenin’s death in 1924, his two chiefs Lieutenant

Trotsky and,Joseph Stalin

Soviet Russia continued as a totalitarian state-ruled by Dictator along communist principles clashed for Supremacy.

Josef Stalin

He won the supremacy

Trotsky

On August 20,1940 Trotsky was assassinated at his home in Mexico City by a Soviet Spy

Stalin Leadership

Soviet Russia regained its position as a great powerOwing its marvelous military, scientific, cultural, and economic progress it was recognize by Germany, Britain, U.S and other powersTruly, it emerged from the other as the first World War stronger than ever.

The British Commonwealth of NationsIn 1931, the British parliament promulgated statute of Westminster establishing the British Commonwealth of Nations and recognizing the independence status of the Dominions In 1997, the British crown colony of Hong Kong was return to China in colorful ceremonies befitting the rise of the East and the fall of the West.

Territorial Changes in Europe and the Near East

These new state s were:The Baltic republics of Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

PolandCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryAustriaTurkeySaudi ArabiaIraqTrans-JordanLebanonSyriaEgypt

From the shattered fragments of the Russian Empire arose four little Baltic republics- Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

Within twenty years of their existence, only Finland remained democratic the others like Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were swallowed up by Soviet Russia and turned into dictatorships.

POLAND

JOSEF PILSUDSKI leader of the Polish

patriots, founded the republic of

Poland Its territory included

those regions which Austria, Russia and Germany (formerly Prussia) had taken in the 18th century

IGNACE JAN PADEREWSKI

World’s famous pianist, became the first Premier of Poland, with Pilsudski as the first President

Poland’s existence, however, threatened by Hitler’s demand to recover Danzig and the Polish CorridorIn 1918, a few days after the armistice, the Republic of Czechoslovakia was established with Thomas G. Masaryk as President

Czechoslovakia

. Czechoslovakia became the most progressive country in East Europe.It included pacts with France and Soviet Russia, but these proved useless when Hitler invaded the country in 1938.

Yugoslavia

After WW1 , several new Balkan States were bornYugoslavia and the separation of Austria and Hungary into two independent states.

Mustafa Kemal

Turkish war hero and first President of the Turkish RepublicModernized Turkey, for which he is known as “Ataturk”Father of the Turks

COL.T.E Lawrence

“Lawrence of Arabia”Arabs rose in arms against the Ottoman Turks during WW1

Sultan Ibn Saud

Founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932Oil was discovered in 1936

IraqFormally called MesopotamiaWas made a mandated territory of BritainBut in 1932 Iraq became an independent state and a member of the League of Nations

Trans-Jordan

It is now JordanIt was separated from the mandate of Palestine in 1920In 1921, it became a Kingdom under Abdullah ibn Hussein

Lebanon

Which had previously been single political unit in the Ottoman EmpireLebanese authorities in 1936 this was only implemented on November 26,1941

SYRIA• Syrian became an Independent

republic, but was still subject to the French Mandate

EGYPT

Became a protectorate of Britain Egyptian nationalism force Britain to declare Egypt an independent state on February 28,1922

Civil War in Spain

General Miguel Primo De Rivera, with consent of King Alfonso XIII establish a military dictatorshipElections in 1931 led to the end of the dictatorship and the abdication of the kingThe radicals (communist, socialists, and other leftist) gain control of the Government

GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO • Led a Spanish Soldier in

Morroco and took the rebellion to Spain

• Franco was supported by the catholic Falangistas and monarchist

• It captured Madrid on March 28,1939

• Franco was held as a savior of Spain from Communist and became its leader (El Caudillo)

The Rise of Fascist ItalyBenito MussoliniA fiery editor, veteran of the war, and former teacher, founded a militant Nationalistic movement“Fascism”Fasces in Latin means an ax surrounded by a bundle of rods symbolizing the authority of the ancient Roman stateHe aims were to transform Italy into a fascist state and restore its ancient grandeurHe was born actor and could sway the crowd by his emotional speeches“Believe! Obey!! Fight!”

King Victor Emmanuel

Yielding without a fight , made him Premier of ItalyWithin a short time, Mussolini established the Fascist dictatorship and assumed the title of “II Duce” ( The Leader)

Pope Pius XI

Concluding the Lateran Treaty of 1929Restoring Harmonious relation between Vatican and Italian government and recognizing the pope as an Independent sovereignMaking himself master of Italy, Mussolinni aspired to win glory and more territories abroadIn 1935 invaded Ethiopia and annexed that African Kingdom to his growing Italian empireHis Fantastic dream of empire led him into fatal alliance with Hitler

The rise of Nazi Germany

1st World war led to the collapse of the Hohenzollem German empireOver it ruins was established in February 1919 Weimar RepublicFrederick Ebert as President and Weimar saxony as a capital.

General Paul von Hindenburg

•On January 13,1933,he appointed Hitler as a Chancellor of Government

Adolf Hitler

Who had fought in the German army during the war, appeared on the political scene

GEN. LUDENDORFF

•With his help Adolf Hitler • Founded the

National Socialist Party, popularly known as Nazi. Munich in 1919

Mein Kampf (The Struggle)

Which became the bible of Nazism.Indeed in less than a year, Hitler entered politics and within a few years his Nazi organization became the largest political party in the Republic

January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.The aging President hated Hitler, but he had no other choice because the Weimar republic.Hitler quickly established his Dictatorship President Hindenburg's deathHe became undisputed master of GermanyHe assumed the title of “Der Fuhrer” (The Leader) and called Nazi Government Third Reich ( Third Empire)First empire was the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806)Second is the Hohenzollem (1871-1918)

Storm Troops (SA)Who used violence to aid the part

Elite Body Guards (SS)Who protected the Nazi leaders from harm

GestapoThe Secret Police

Rise of Militaristic Japan“Twenty-One Demands”“Yellow Peril”The Great Depression in 1929 dealt a heavy blow to Japan trade.Japan military faction seized control of the government.“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”Three premiers and ex-premiers were assassinated by extremists1936, a four day coup was staged by young reformists army officers.

Japan was mobilized for war, Japanese propaganda taught the people to believe in the emperor as godThe glory of dying in battle, and the need to conquered new landsBoys were trained for war, and schools taught ultra-nationalistic ideas.Factories turned out war material instead of household goods.

Was replaced by that General Hideki Tojo Three months later, Japan was at war with alliances.

Prince Konoye

Reference:

World History by Zaide