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Napoleon's Napoleon's Conquest of Conquest of
EuropeEurope
NapoleonBorn in Corsica 1769Mastered military tactics at
military schoolsJoined army of new govt. during
revolution– Oct. 1795- helped protect National
Convention (became hero)
Military Successes1796-1797 Directory appoints him
to command army – Beat Austria, Kingdom of Sardinia– Fights in N. Italy- makes alliances– Becomes most popular general in
Europe
November 1799 Directory overthrown by ConsulateCoup d etat Directory initially holds on
– 500 troops in legislature– Vote to end Directory
Napoleon head of Consulate (3)– Dictatorial power seized
Support for ConsulateKeep previous reformSolve current problemsPeasants, workers, merchants- promise of trade expansion, lower food prices, peasants keep land gained in Revolution
Support for Consulate
Nobles- pardons were offered to those who fled
Bourgeoisie- given govt. and army positions, promise of order, stable economy, trade
Second Coalition 1797 1st Coalition ends after
campaign in Italy1799 2nd Coalition formed
– GB, Austria, Russia
Napoleon successful in N. Italy– Austria & Russia make peace– 1802 Peace of Amiens (GB)– 1st time in 10 yrs- peace in Europe
Napoleon becomes Emperor
At 1st act like an elected leader
1800 Plebiscite- vote approves constitution giving Napoleon all real power as 1st consul
1802- 2nd Plebiscite made him consul for life
1804 Napoleon takes title of Emperor
Title symbolizes control over France– Crowned himself (not Pope)
Social reforms of Revolution remain
Individual freedoms currently gained were ignored
Napoleon Restores Order Kept many changes from
RevolutionSecret police maintain power
– Opposition crushed
Jacobins crushed after loyalists target him– German Bourbon (next in line)
killed
Napoleon Restores OrderEconomic order
–Inflation slowed, balanced budget, national bank
Social order- had much support
Religious order- religion is political
Concordat of 1801Agreement made with Pope
Pius VIIBalanced rights of Church and
StateState bishops, Church confirm
– Bishops appoint priests
Religious freedom– Catholics had favored postition
Napoleonic Code 1801All men treated as equals
– 3 Estates abolished– Women lost any rights gained
NO feudalism and class privilegeFreedom of religion and propertyWorkers inferior to employer
– No unions
Govt. support of education
Napoleonic Code Limited liberty
– Newspapers censored– Slavery restored in colonies
Easy for men to divorceNo primogeniture
Napoleonic Code Napoleon announced he was
above the law“Things don’t work unless you
break the law everyday”– Tie to Machiavelli
Napoleonic WarsNapoleon wants to modernize &
become master of Europe (Italy, Switz.)
Peace treaties are made with Russia, Austria, England
1803 War breaks out with England– France threatens her trade and sea
power1805-1807 France defeats Austria,
Sweden, Prussia (who were in alliance against France w/ Russia)
1805-1807 VictoriesOct. 1805 Battle of Ulm
– Vienna, Austria taken
Dec. 1805 Battle of Austerlitz– Austrian emperor makes peace
Oct. 1806 Battle of Jena– Berlin taken from Prussia
1805-1807 VictoriesJune 1806- Battle of Friedland
– Prussia’s Poland– Peace of Tilsit- Alexander I and
Napoleon agree to divide Europe
Oct. 1805- Battle of Trafalgar– Only loss to 3rd Coalition– Nelson (GB) defeats French fleet– France decides not to invade GB
Napoleon dominates Europe
France greatest empire since RomeConquered land:
– Annexed by France– Remained independent in name only– Attached by alliance (Prussia,
Russia, Austria)
Large but unstable empire
Results of Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon brings Revolution’s reforms to Europe
Taxes conquered landsSoldiers taken from
conquered lands
Napoleon’s DownfallLove of power = downfall3 misjudgments
– Cut off trade to England– Make brother king of Spain– Invasion of Russia
Continental System1806 No French controlled land
could trade w/ EnglandAimed at England who was
keeping ships from FrancePlan= defeat England by striking
at trade (industry)– France and lands under her would
stop importing British goods
Continental SystemProblem= England just traded
with Spanish colonies, smuggled, and blocked (large navy) ports of France and her allies
Result= Middle class merchants turn against Napoleon– French economy weakened
Spain1808 King of Spain forced to
abdicate– Napoleon makes brother Joseph
king
Peninsular WarPortugal defeatedResponse- Spain and Portugal
get help of British (guerilla)England invades FranceSpain regains her land after 5
years of war (1808-1813)Significance- French troops held
up(300,000 dead- France weakened, patriotism against Napoleon is inspired
Invasion of Russia Russian was once allied with FranceWhy?
– France afraid Russia would make alliance with England
– Russia selling grain to England
June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 614,000 men GRAND ARMY– Many not French (no loyalty)
Invasion of RussiaRussians retreat burning land and
farms, France follows–Sept. 14- Moscow abandoned
when French arrive –100,000 French alive (NO FOOD)–Stay 5 weeks waiting for
surrender (leave in Dec.)Worst military in history (40,000
return)
Battle of the Nation Oct. 1813- Leipzig, GermanyBritain, Prussia, Austria,
Russia, Sweden defeat Napoleon– Grand Alliance
Paris captured in March 1814– Army cut to pieces– Generals do not want to fight,
Napoleon does
The End (#1)…April 1814- Napoleon abdicates
– exiled to island of Elba (Italian coast)
Quadruple Alliance- formed to prevent attacks by France
The 100 DaysMarch 1, 1815 Napoleon
returns from exile –support from King Louis
XVIII’s soldiers –Becomes Emperor again
Grand Alliance gathers
The 100 DaysJune 18, 1815 Napoleon
defeated at Waterloo (Belguim)–European alliance led by Duke
of Wellington–End of 100 Days–Napoleon’s last bid for power
The End (Again)…Napoleon sent to St. Helena
– Remote island in South Atlantic
Significance of Napoleon
French Revolution’s reforms and ideas were spread
Nationalism grew–Led to development of
independent nations
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