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Unit 13- Organic Chemistry. Organic halide Polymer Polymerization Saponification Saturated Substitution reaction Unsaturated. Addition reaction Alcohol Aldehyde Alkane Alkene Alkyne Amide Amine Amino acid. Esterification Ester Ether Fermentation Functional group - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 13- Organic Chemistry• Addition reaction• Alcohol• Aldehyde• Alkane• Alkene• Alkyne• Amide• Amine• Amino acid
• Esterification• Ester• Ether• Fermentation• Functional group• Hydrocarbon• Isomer• Ketone• Organic acid
• Organic halide• Polymer• Polymerization• Saponification• Saturated• Substitution
reaction• Unsaturated
What is organic chemistry?
• Organic- containing carbon• Study of carbon and carbon containing
compounds• Carbon compound characteristics:– C almost always forms covalent bonds– Bonds are strong– Aren’t very reactive under ordinary conditions– Can bond to 4 other atoms due to valence electrons
• Therefore can produce a vast number of compounds
Carbon compounds• Allotropes- different forms of an element– Diamond vs. graphite vs. buckminsterfullerene
• Hydrocarbons- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes– Contain just C and H– Can be saturated- all single bonds or
unsaturated- containing a double or triple bond– Can be in a straight line form or ring
Alkanes
• Saturated hydrocarbons• CnH2n+2
• Release E when burned• 5C’s – 12C’s – found in
gas• 10C’s- 16C’s- heating oil• 20+C’s – candle wax• 40+C’s- tar (asphalt)• As # of C’s increases,
boiling point increases
• CH4- Methane– 90% of gas that heats
homes
• C2H6- Ethane– Rest of natural gas
• C3H8- Propane– Heating fuel, grills
• C4H10- Butane– Disposable lighters
Alkenes
• Contain at least 1 double bond
• CnH2n
• Needs to have at least 2 C’s so not methane equivalent
• C2H4- Ethene– Common name-
ethlyene- used in plastics
• C3H6- Propene
• C4H8- Butene
Alkynes
• Contains a triple bond• C2H2n-2
• C2H2- Ethyne– Common name-
acetylene- used in welding
• C3H4- Propyne
• C4H6- Butyne
Isomers • Same molecular formula; different structural
formula• They have different physical and chemical
properties– Greater structural difference= greater difference in
properties• As the number of C’s increases; number of
isomers increase
Both C4H10
Naming hydrocarbons
• Rules of IUPAC- international union of pure and applied chemistry
• If it’s a straight chain: normal; n- preceeds name
• If it’s branched:– Find longest chain and name accordingly• Using Greek prefixes and the correct suffix
– Number starting from nearest double or triple bond or branch
– (If branches) name the groups that make up branches• Alkyl groups- alkane with 1 less hydrogen• Ex: methane (CH4) methyl group (CH3)
– If more than one attached branch; a number prefix is used to indicate the C to which it is attached along with mono, di, tri etc to indicate how many groups are attached• Commas are used separate numbers of carbons to
which groups are attached
Examples:
• 1-butene• 2- methylpropane
Try these:
What if there’s more than just C and H?
• Functional groups: – Groups of atoms that replace H in a hydrocarbon– Give distinct physical and chemical properties– Table R– Halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,ethers,
esters, organic acids, amides, amines,
Functional groups:
• Halides– Halogen is added– Compound is now called
organic halide or halocarbon
– Named by citing location of halogen
– Used as solvents and pesticices
– Ex: chloromethane
• Alcohols– -OH (hydroxyl group) is
added– Creates polar molecule– Nonelectrolytes– Ends in –ol– Classified as 1o,2o etc
depending on what C the –OH is attached to
– If 2 –OH groups it’s a dihydroxy alcohol- antifreeze
• Aldehydes– -C=O (carbonyl group) is
added– **on end carbon– Ends in –al– Preservatives,
formaldehyde
• Ketones– -C=O (carbonyl group is
added)– **on interior carbon– Ends in –one– Solvents, acetone
• Ethers– R-O-R’– Oxygen bridge in carbon
chain– “R” represents other
atoms– Add ether to end of
name
• Esters– is added– Responsible for odors,
flavors in many foods– Ends in -oate
• Organic acids– -COOH (carboxyl group)
is added– Ends in –oic acid– Strong odors– Weak electrolytes
• Amines– is added– Add amine to end of
name– Vitamins, hormones,
anesthetics, dyes
- Amino acids- contain both amine and carboxyl group to the same C atom
• Amides– is added– Happens when two
amino acids are joined together
– Peptide bond
Organic Reactionsoccurs more slowly than inorganic reactions due to covalent bonds
• Combustion
– If there is enough oxygen= complete combustion– If there isn’t enough oxygen= incomplete
combustion• Carbon monoxide is produced
• Substitution – Replace one atom but another atom or group of
atoms– For saturated hydrocarbons – Ex: halogenation
• Addition– Adding 1 or more atoms or groups to an
unsaturated hydrocarbon; at site of double/triple bond
– Ex: hydrogenation• Turn vegetable oil into fat
– Requires catalyst and high heat; hydrogen gas is bubbled into oil
• Esterification– Organic acid + alcohol ester + water– To name: use alkyl group of alcohol and end in –
oate– Fats are derived this way by reacting glycerol with
fatty acids
• Saponification– Ester + inorganic base alcohol + soap
– Soap is the salt of an organic acid and glycerol• Fermentation– Sugars are broken down by yeast enzyme to
produce carbon dioxide and alcohol
• Polymerization– Monomers put together to create polymers– Ex:nylon, rayon, polyethylene, protein,starch,
cellulose– Addition polymerization: joining monomers of
unsaturated compounds– Condensation polymerization: joining monomers
by removing water molecule; creates ester
Plastic recycling codes
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