Urbanization, Immigration, and Progressivism… 1870-1910€¦ · 1. Urbanization, Immigration,...

Notes: Urbanization, Immigration, Populism, and Progressivism…

1870-1920s

Learning GoalSummarize the link between the time periods

of Urbanization and Immigration, and then how Populism and Progressivism responded.

1. Urbanization, Immigration, Populism, and Progressivism…1870-1920s

a. Urbanization: When cities saw massive growth and their importance rose.

b. Immigration: When the United States saw a massive influx of “New Immigrants” during this time from new places for new reasons.

c. Populism: Political movement of farmers and low-level industrial workers that started in response to industrialization.

d. Progressivism: Social and political responses to the problems of rapid industrialization; was “urban, middle-class, and nationwide.”

i. Believed in getting government power fixing the injustices.

2. Urbanization

2. Urbanization… continued

2. Urbanization… continued

a. Reasons for the growth of cities…

i. Transportation to cities became better & more convenient.

ii. Bigger variety of life, convenience, and pleasures.

iii. Jobs… More factories meant more workers needed.

- More farm machinery lessened need for farmers.

Immigrant Activity Timeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Emma LazarusGive me your tired, your poor, Your

huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to

me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.

3. Immigration in the Late 1800sa. The “Old Immigrants”:

- Spoke English, from Western/North Europe, and Protestant.

b. The “New Immigrants”:i. S. & E. Euro, Catholic/Orthodox/Jewish, uneducated, lil English.ii. Push Factors: Grinding poverty, oppressive govts.iii. Pull Factors: Opportunity!!!

c. *** Draw out Christianity umbrella and compare to Judaism and Islam.

d. Journey was usually 14 days.i. Most traveled in steerage.

- Cheapest class, no windows, below water-line, ehhhhhh.

***Steerage

3. Immigration in Late 1800s… continued

e. Challenges

i. Unfamiliar with American customs.

- From foods to voting in elections.

- Language issues and discrimination.

*** Do the activity they will hate to love…

- Jobs were low paying and long hours.

ii. Ethnic neighborhoods formed like Chinatown and Little Italy.

- Familiar surroundings, customs, and help.

3. Immigration in Late 1800s… continued

v. Rise of Nativism:

- Belief that native-born/old immigrant Americans were superior, all other cultures were inferior & undesirable.

- Believed new immigrants were source of many problems

- Pushed for and got many anti-immigrant laws and societies.

f. Asian Immigration

i. Angel Island: Processing center for newly arrived Asian immigrants.

ii. Chinese Reasons:

- Push: Taiping Rebellion left 20 million dead.

Severe unemployment and poverty.

- Pull: Gold Rush and Railroad construction.

iii. Japanese:

- Push: Disruptions in their industrializing economy.

- Pull: Jobs in US.

*** Angel Island

iv. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882-1943

i. Kept Chinese migrants out for 10 years at first.

- Reasons: “Racial Purity” and they worked HARD for lil$.

v. Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1907: Stopped male Japanese migrants from coming in, but wives and children could.

*** Naturalization Act of 1870Prevented Asians

from becoming Citizens

People vs. Hall

American Cities

4. The Gilded Age 1870-1900

***

*** Golden Age or Gilded Age???

4. The Gilded Age

a. Gilded Age:

i. On the surface, America looked great!!!

- Industrialization, urban growth, wealth, jobs, democracy!

ii. On the inside though, not very good…

- Low wages/lack of safety, city living not good, power of big business, corruption, discrimination, immigrant problems.

*** Now for the downside and reaction of Industrializaiton…

5. Rise of Political MachinesA .Political Machines

i. Political groups in cities that provided services to voters in exchange for their votes; led by a Party Boss.

- “Selected” mayors and politicians.

- Profited for own gain.

B. Most notable was Tammany Hall in NYC.

i. Ran from 1850s to 1930s.

Party Boss

Ward Bosses

Precinct Captains

C. Once in office, they used graft.

i. Illegal use of political influence for personal gain (i.e. bribes, over charging on govt. contracts, & patronage).

*** Read pg. 269.

Tammany Hall in

New York City

Ran Tammany Hall in NYC During this Time

D. Role of the Party Boss

*** From pg. 268, List 3 ways the political boss reinforced voter loyalty.

i.

ii.

iii.

E. Immigrants and the Machine

*** From pg. 268, describe the relationship between immigrants and political machines.

i.

One famous example of Boss Tweed's demands for bribes is the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. When a group of people who wanted to build the bridge needed approval from city officials, Tweed demanded a large bribe to make it happen.

Tweed also demanded that he be made a part owner of the bridge company itself. The bribe money was paid, Tweed was made a part owner of the company, and the approval was given.

Important Newspaper Article!

街の人々、あなたが上司に政治の利点を取られている！彼らはあなたの生活を気にしない、彼らはちょうどあなたの投票をしたい！彼らはあなたのお金を取る、彼らはあなたの票を取り、彼らはあなたの命を奪う！

Power of a Picture

Thomas Nast

“I don’t care so much what the papers write about me – my constituents [voters] can’t read;

but… they can see pictures!”

- Boss Tweed

F. The Progressive Thomas Nast used political cartoons to reach immigrants and illiterates about corruption.

i. Party Boss Boss Tweed arrested in Spain.

*** Pg. 269

G. Legacy of the Political Machines

i. Good:

i. Pushed for education reform.

ii. Provided people with and developed better services in the cities.

ii. Bad:

i. They were corrupt! GRAFT!!!

6. Populism Rises 1870s-1896

Big Business&

Government

RuralVs.

Urban1860 to 1930

Share of World Manufacturing Output in Percent

1750 1800 1860 1900 1928 1938

Great

Britain1.9 4.3 19.9 18.5 9.9 10.7

United

States0.1 0.8 7.2 23.6 39.3 31.4

Germany 2.9 3.5 4.9 13.2 11.6 12.7

Russia 5.0 5.6 7.0 8.8 5.3 9.0

6. Populism Rises 1870s-1896 Continued…

a. Farmers feeling consequences of industrialization & urbanization.

i. Crop prices fall… A LOT.

*** New tech. leads to overproduction, leads to harder time paying off loans.

ii. Farmers had no cash→

Went into more debt to make a living by using loans→

Banks took their land for payment

iii. RR’s charged farmers crazy high prices, but cheap prices to industrialists.

6. Populism Rises 1870s-1896 continued…

b. Populism and the Populist Party

i. When farmers and industrial workers politically unite to fight the

injustices of industrialization.

6. Populism Rises 1870s-1896 continued…

c. Populists wanted…

i. Get Govt. to Regulate (control) the RR Companies

*** Stop the high prices!

ii. Make Cash More Available (a.k.a. cheap money)

*** Back the dollar with silver to causes inflation, then print more money.

iii. Changes to the US Constitution

*** - Single term for President and VP.

*** - Secret ballot so voters couldn’t be unfairly pressured.

*** - Senators to be elected by the people and NOT by other Senators.

iv. To Get Industrial Workers to Support Them:

- 8-hour workday and restrict immigration.

d. Farmers Organize and start “The Grange” in 1867

i. A national associated of farmers’ and social clubs with 1.5 million

members; bought in bulk and educated members.

*** Moved from being social to political quickly.

ii. They elected people to state legislatures and got political representation.

- Passed laws called the Granger Laws…

+ Munn v. Illinois: Set the tone that government can regulate

private business more.

+ Interstate Commerce Act/Commission: Federal law that

established that the government could regulate railroads.

79

80

e. Farmers want inflation and to devalue money! WAIT, WHAT, WHY!?!?!?!?!i. Before Inflation…

- Farmer has $10k in debt (that’s what he borrowed).- Money is valued at 1 Dollar for 1 Piece of Gold- Farmers sell 2k a year in crops, hard time paying off debt.

ii. After Inflation…- Debt stays at $10k (because that is what he borrowed).- Money is now valued less at 4 Dollars for 1 Piece of Silver.- Because of inflated prices (more $ for same things), farmers now sell 8k a year in crops, much easier time paying debt.

f. What to back money with?????

i. “Silverites”

- Farmers & Laborers.

- Bimetallism, Prices Rise, Farmers make More Money, Pay Off Debt Easier

ii. “Goldbugs”

- Bankers & Businessmen.

- Keep the Gold Standard, value of money remains higher.

g. To fully fight for what they want, the “Farmers Alliance” and “The Grange”

officially form the Populist party in 1892.

i. Runs in Election of 1892 as a 3rd Party and makes a HUGE statement!

1892 Presidential Election: Populist candidate won over a million votes!

***Leading to the 1896 Election

Democrats – 1890s Republicans – 1890s

• Southerners

• Wealthy farmers

• White Southern

Farmers

• Supported low tariffs

(wanted other countries

to buy their crops)

• Northerners

• Wealthy business men

(connected to the

railroad)

• Southern African

Americans

• Supported high tariffs

(didn’t want to compete

with other countries’

products)

Oh, and the Populists too!

h. Election of 1896

*** Now, should the Populists join another political party to better their chances at getting what they want?! Or should they remain the Populist

Party and keep their own political identity?!

i. To better their chances, Populists merge with the Democrats.

- They support William Jennings Bryan.

William Jennings Bryan

i. “Cross of Gold” Speech Questions

i. Based on the speech, how do you think farmers and workers were feeling about industrialization?

+ Now, find a quote that supports your answer too.

ii. What in this speech makes it so powerful.

+ Find a quote that supports your answer too.

iii. Why do you think this is one of the most famous speeches in US History?

j. Republicans and wealthy businessmen feared inflation the “silverites” would bring.

i. They fund Republican McKinley’s campaign.

1896 Presidential Election: Bryan loses but carries most of the South and West

j. Repub. McKinley wins Election of 1896

i. Populism collapses w/ farmers’ hopes.

k. Populists’ Legacy:

i. Proved the downtrodden could have a political impact; inspired MANY.

ii. Their reforms would be enacted later in the early 1900’s under the PROGRESSIVE movement.

7.ProgressivismA. Progressivism:

Urban social movements to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in the US.

i. Social and political reaction to

industrialization & urbanization.

ii. All believed in GETTING THE GOVT. ON THE SIDE OF THE PEOPLE!

Child Labor

Child Labor

Power of Trusts

Government Corruption

YOUR FOOOOOOOOOD

Segregation… ehhhhh, not yet.

Women’s Suffrage

Fight for Prohibition

Conservation

Bad News…

Your Aunt Bessie is DEAD. Lolzzzzzz

Good News though!

You now inherited $1,000,000!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Progressivism DBQ Directions

Background Essay

- Answer Questions 1-6 in complete sentences.

Each Document (Skip a Space When Starting a New Document)

- Document Title

- Source

- Answer All Document Questions in Complete Sentences

- On a Scale of 1-10, rate how important of anissue you think this is and why.

7.ProgressivismB. Rise of Progressivism… life in America was changing.

i. Middle-class America believed in making America better for… you!

ii. Social Gospel Movement

iii. New Forms of Journalism

- Investigative and Human-Interest Stories shed light on problems in America.

iv. Rising Consumer Consciousness

*** How was our stuff being made and what was going into it?v. Support of women and workers.

C. Goals: i. Make govt. and business run better and more efficiently for… you!

ii. Plus, govt. should police and regulate business more for… you!

7.ProgressivismD. Who were the Progressives???

i. Mostly educated white middle-class professional men and women.

*** The Goldilocks social class of reform.

ii. Muckrakers

- Crusading journalists that used the media to show govt. corruption & social injustices; educate the people!

*** Get the inside story.

*** Wrote about the poor and their story.

*** Graphic and personal.

iii. Eventually, Progressives got three Presidents on their side!

The Progressive Presidents

8.Progressivism Gettin’ Stuff DoneA. Overtime, the Progressives were changing MANY parts of America!

*** Do Legacy of Progressivism WS

i. *** Out of all the things the Progressives got done on the worksheet, pick one and explain why you think it was the most important one accomplished overall.

8.Progressivism Gettin’ Stuff Done… continued

ii. President Theodore Roosevelt

- Square Deal: TR’s plan for fair play and equal opportunity in society.

Business

Go

vernm

ent

Unions

Cit

izen

s

- What he got done.

+ Set tone that Presidents act vigorously for public interests.

*** They fight for YOU.

+ Good vs Bad Trusts “Trust Buster”: Used Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

*** Broke apart JP Morgan’s and Rockefeller’s trusts.

+ Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

*** Yes, he read The Jungle by Uptain Sinclair.

+ Strengthened the ICC and placed communications under it too.

+ Doubled # of National Parks & halted a lot of selling public land.

8.Progressivism Gettin’ Stuff Done… continued

iii. President William H. Taft

- Continued many of T. Roosevelt’s policies.

- 16th Amendment: Income tax now possible.

7.Progressivism Gettin’ Stuff Done… continued

iv. President Woodrow Wilson

- New Freedom: His Progressive plan to attack the “Triple Wall of Privileges” of the upper-class.

Ban

ks

Tariffs

Trusts

You YourSuccess

- What he got done.

+ Lowered tariffs.

*** More competition equaled lower prices for consumers.

+ Graduated income tax.

*** More you make, more you pay… vice versa. Country started to make more money off of income tax than it ever did off of tariffs.

+ Federal Reserve System: “Bank to the banks”, controlled US monetary policy, and became backbone to the banking system.

+ Federal Trade Commission and Clayton Antitrust Act.

*** This prevent trusts from gaining more power.

+19th Amendment: Women can now vote!

*** Florida the Guilded AgeA. Governors of FL fought for and continued what many of the

Progressives wanted.

*** Public education reform, regulating railroads, conservation, help farmers/Indians/children, help women’s suffrage.

*** Conservation reforms would see the Everglades National Park formed in 1947.

9. End of Progressivism *** “There’s no chance of progress and reform ***in an administration in which war plays the principle part.”

a. By 1914…

i. WWI distracts US public from fully continuing Progressivism.

- Yet, obviously, there were many successes.