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VII Annual Videoconference on Advances of Agri-Biotechnology
2012: year of science, egos, cancer and rats
Pedro J. Rocha S. Biologist, Ph.D.
Coordinator Area of Biotechnology and Biosafety (AB&B)
Program of Innovation for Productivity and Competitiveness (PIPC)
IICA Head Quarters-Costa Rica, 21st February 2013
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
2
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
3
Other disciplines:
Biotechnology: much more than transgenesis
IICA is not for or against a specific technology
Biosafety: Expression of countries sovereignty on biotechnology (transgenesis)
Biotechnology: complement and foundation of the various forms of agriculture In vitro
culture Hybridization
Fermentation
“Omics”: Genomics, Proteómica, Metabolómica
Molecular markers
Radio-activity
Transgenesis
Bio-reactor
Bio-informatics
Scientific validated knowledge and available technologies
Biological sciences: Molecular and cell
biology
Engineering Law Economics
Genetics Biochemistry Plant
Physiology Microbiology
Statistics Informatics
Sustainable productive systems (social, economics, environmental)
Farmer choice Implemented policies Political decision
Communication
conventional organic
clean Acepted
No Acepted
Clean technologies
Transgenic technology
Nuclear technology
Conventional technologies
Scientific and technical basis
Technological innovation
Pillars IICA on
biotechnology
Results
Purposes
Ecology
Support to institutionalism: Policies & Institutions
Capacity building Activities Communication of
biotech
Modified from: Rocha, 2011. ComunIICA 8(January-July):23-31
Traditional-knowledge based
transgenic
In vitro culture
Cloning / Micro-
propagating
Cryoconservation
Haploid generation
Induction of somaclonal
variation
Radioisotopes & Radiation
Mutation induction
Molecular Markers
Hybridization -Plant breeding-
Bioreactors
Regeneration
Transgenesis
Fermentation
Biological cleaning
Type I: isoenzymes, RFLP, Type II: Based in PCR (RAPD,
AFLP, SSR)
Type III. Based in sequencing (SNP, SSCP)
“Omics” Genomics
Proteomics
Transcriptomics
Metabolomics
Biological control
Biofertilización (compost)
Biofuels
Bioinformatics
Biocontrol (productos naturales)
Sterile Insect Technique
Rocha, 2011. ComunIICA 8(January-July):23-31
Agricultural Biotechnology
Capacity building
• Courses on low level presence (LLP): Buenos Aires & Rosario (15 countries).
• Training for regulators (Ecuador, Honduras, El Salvador).
• Technical support for the start of the Master of Biotechnology (National University of Asuncion, Paraguay).
• Actions for technological updating and monitoring.
Activities and results IICA 2012 in Biotechnology and Biosafety
6 IICA, Costa Rica
Embrapa, Brazil
Ecuador
Communication of biotechnology
• Lectures, seminars, forums and interviews.
• Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Venezuela.
• Technical support to LAC-Biosafety
• Publication of materials.
Activities and results IICA 2012 in Biotechnology and Biosafety
7
http://www.iica.int/Esp/Programas/Innovacion/Publicaciones_TeI/b2992e.pdf
Conveme, Venezuela
Costa Rica
LAC-Biosafety, Colombia
Paraguay
English version soon
Supporting Institutionalism in LAC Countries
• Policy implementation – IICA acts with formal invitation from National
Authorities of countries.
– Technical support to execution of UNEP-GEF projects (Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador).
– Designing of the “Strategy for education and communication of biotechnology for Costa Rica”.
Activities and results IICA 2012 in Biotechnology and Biosafety
8
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Supporting Institutionalism in LAC Countries
• Strengthening institutions – Technical visits (Ecuador, Nicaragua, Paraguay,
USA, Venezuela)
– Preparing countries for participation in VI COP-MOP (Hyderabad, India).
– Generation of novel institutionalism: Initiative for Central America for Biotechnology & Biosafety (ICABB).
– Helping interaction between NABI and G5-CAS
– Permanent dialog with CAC and CAS
Activities and results IICA 2012 in Biotechnology and Biosafety
9 CAC USA Promecafe
IDEA-Venezuela
INTA-Nicaragua
IICA´s Biotechnology Network • Mailing list
– Internal: iicabiotecnologia@iica.int
– External: red.biotecnologia@iica.int
• Institutional Web – http://www.iica.int – http://www.infoagro.net
Contact
10
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
11
Advances in Genomics: Sequencing
12
Sequencing system
Pacific Bio Ionic
torrent 454 GS FLX
Illumina Hi Seq 2000
SOLiDv4 Sanger
Method Single-molecule real-time sequencing (Pacific Bio)
Ion semiconductor (Ion Torrent sequencing)
Pyrosequencing (454)
Sequencing by synthesis (Illumina)
Sequencing by ligation (SOLiD
sequencing)
Chain termination (Sanger sequencing)
Read length (bp) 2900 200 700 50 to 250 50+35 or 50+50 400 to 900
Accuracy 87% (read length mode),
99% (accuracy mode) 98% 99.9% 98% 99.9% 99.9%
Reads per run 35–75 thousand up to 5 million 1 million up to 3 billion 1.2 to 1.4 billion N/A
Time per run 30 min. to 2 hours 2 hours 24 hours
1 to 10 days, depending upon sequencer and
specified read length
1 to 2 weeks 20 min. to 3 hours
Cost per 1 million bases (in US$)
2 1 10 0.05 to 0.15 0.13 2400
Advantages Longest read length. Fast. Detects 4mC, 5mC, 6mA
Less expensive equipment
Fast
Long read size. Fast
Potential for high sequence yield, depending upon sequencer model
and desired application
Low cost per base Long individual reads.
Useful for many applications
Disadvantages
Low yield at high accuracy
Equipment can be very expensive
Homopolymer errors
Runs are expensive Homopolymer
errors
Equipment can be very expensive
Slower than other methods
More expensive and impractical for larger sequencing projects
Source: Liu, L. et al. 2012. Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Systems. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Vol. 2012, Article ID 251364, 11 pages. doi:10.1155/2012/251364
Advances in Genomics
13
To 8th February 2013 Number
Total of genomes 21 571
Sequenced genomes 4 129
Archea 181
Bacteria 3 765
Eukaryots 183
On going projects 17 402
Metagenomes 369
Source: http://www.genomesonline.org y http://www.phytozome.net
Total Genome Transcrip
tome Re-
sequencing No
cultivated
Archea 453 430 16 5 81
Bacteria 19 065 18 607 14 213 830
Eukaryots 3 140 1 729 776 487 4
• Potential application in diagnostics of pest and diseases
– Detection is more precise, faster and cheaper.
Single Cell Genomics
14 Source: Yilmaz S & Singh AK. 2012. Single cell genome sequencing. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23:437-443.
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
15
• Use of fermentation and composting techniques, essential for organic- and ecological- and conventional-agriculture. –Methodologies used by a large number of farmers in the world.
• There is heterogeneity in their use and results.
• Improper management involves harmful effects on human, animal and environment or low productivity.
• Seufert, V; Ramankutty N; Foley JA. 2012. Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature 485:229–232.
• Smith-Spangler, C; et al. 2012. Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives? Ann. Intern. Med. 157:348-366.
–Opportunity to incorporate scientific research and strengthen extension.
Bio-products Production
16
• Business opportunities for biotechnology companies and laboratories. –Quality assurance (traceability, efficiency, stability).
–Opens possibility for utilization of biodiversity for commercial purposes.
Bio-products Production
17
Bioprospection
Lab. research Scaling
Product development Commercialization Field Research
In silico and “paper” research
Registration & Certification
Biotechnology
• Increasing trend to put bio-products to market. –First biofungicide (Fungifree AB) to prevent anthracnose in mango
and improve productivity. • Developed by Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de México (UNAM and researchers of the Center for Food Research and Development, Unit Culiacán).
• Twelve years of research.
• To market in 2013 (Agro&Biotecnia). – Mango, avocado, papaya
– Brazil, Ecuador y EE.UU.
• http://www.portalfruticola.com/2013/02/08/nace-el-primer-biofungicida-quemejorara-la-productividad-del-mango-mexicano/?pais=argentina
Bio-products Production
18
Source: Inforganica 2013-05
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
19
Advances in Transgenesis: Global area of GM crops
20
Source: James, C. 2012. Executive summary. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops:2012. Brief 44.
Mill
ion
he
ctar
es
Advances in Transgenesis
21
Source: James, C. 2012. Executive summary. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops:2012. Brief 44.
• 170 M ha
• Annual growth rate of 6%
• 28 countries planted GM crops
– 20 developing countries
• Sudan (Bt cotton) and Cuba (hybrid Bt maize) planted GM crops for first time.
– Cuba grew 3,000 ha in a “regulated commercialization”
– The initiative is part of an ecologically sustainable pesticide-free program featuring biotech maize hybrids and mycorrhizal additives.
– The Bt maize was developed by the Havana-based Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB).
• Europe situation:
– Germany and Sweden could not plant the biotech potato, Amflora because it ceased to be marketed
– Poland discontinued planting Bt maize because of regulation inconsistencies between the EU and Poland
– Spain, Portugal, Czechia, Slovakia and Romania planted 129 071 ha of Bt maize,
GM Crops 2012
22
• 17.3 M farmers, 90% small scale
• 52% of GM crops in 2012 were grown in developing countries
• Growth rate of GM crops was 11%in developing countries
• Between 1996-2011 cumulative economic benefits were US$49.6 billion in developing countries (vs. US$48.6 billion by industrial countries). – For 2011 alone US$10.1 billion for developing countries (US$9.6 billion for developed countries)
• Economic gains at the farm level of ~US$98.2 billion globally (period 1996 to 2011) – 51% due to reduced production costs (less ploughing, fewer pesticide sprays and less labor)
– 49% due to substantial yield gains of 328 million tons.
• Stacked traits occupied 25% of the global 170 M ha
• Conserving biodiversity, biotech crops are a land saving technology
• Reducing agriculture’s environmental footprint
• Helping mitigate climate change and reducing greenhouse gases
GM Crops 2012
23
Sources: Céleres. 2013. Os beneficios econômicos da biotecnologia agrícola no Brasil: 1996/97 – 2011/12. 7p. 24
Advances in Transgenesis in Brazil
Summary of traits introduced into
GM crops
25
2,4-D
Dicamba
Glifosato
Glufosinato
Isoxaflutol
Oxinil (v.g. bromoxinil)
Sulfonilurea
Coleópteros
Lepidópteros
Múltiples insectos
Bean Golden Mosaic virus (BGMV)
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV)
Plum pox virus (PPV)
Potato Virus Y (PVY)
Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV)
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus (ZYMV)
Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus 2 (WMV2)Tolerancia a
estrés abióticoSequía
Producción de fitasa
Esterilidad masculina
Senecencia/madurez retardada
Ablandamiento retardado
Flores con color modificado
Modificación de ácidos grasos y aceites
Modificación de almidón /carbohidratos
Modificación de aminoácidos
Modificación de alfa amilasa (termoestabilidad)
Síntesis de nopalina
Reducción de nicotina
Tolerancia inmune a alergenos
Marcadores de selección con antibióticos
Metabolismo de manosa
Marcadores visuales para selección
Calidad de
producto
Selección de
eventos
Tolerancia a
Insectos
Tolerancia a
enfermedades
(causadas por
virus)
Resistencia a
herbicidas
Based in several sources: BCH, ISAAA
Summary of genetically
modified plants
26
Álamo Populus sp.
Alfalfa Medicago sativa
Algodón Gossypium hirsutum
Arroz Oryza sativa
Calabaza Cucurbita pepo
Césped Agrostis stolonifera
Chicoria Cichorium intybus
Ciruela Prunus domestica
Clavel Dianthus caryophyllus
Colza argentina Brassica napus
Colza polaca Brassica rapa
Fríjol Phaseolus vulgaris
Lino Linum usitatissumum
Maiz Zea mays
Melón Cucumis melo
Papa Solanum tuberosum
Papaya Carica papaya
Petunia Petunia hybrida
Pimentón Capsicum annuum
Remolacha Beta vulgaris
Rosa Rosa hybrida
Soja Glycine max
Tabaco Nicotiana tabacum
Tomate Lycopersicon esculentum
Trigo Triticum aestivum
Based in several sources: BCH, ISAAA
Plant Transgenesis Evolution
27
Álamo Alfalfa Algodón Arroz Calabaza Césped Chicoria Ciruela ClavelColza
argentina
Colza
polacaFríjol Lino Maiz Melón Papa Papaya Petunia Pimentón Remolacha Rosa Soja Tabaco Tomate Trigo
Populus
sp.
Medicago
sativa
Gossypium
hirsutum
Oryza
sativa
Cucurbita
pepo
Agrostis
stolonifera
Cichorium
intybus
Prunus
domestica
Dianthus
caryophyllus
Brassica
napus
Brassica
rapa
Phaseolus
vulgaris
Linum
usitatissumum
Zea
mays
Cucumis
melo
Solanum
tuberosum
Carica
papaya
Petunia
hybrida
Capsicum
annuumBeta vulgaris
Rosa
hybrida
Glycine
max
Nicotiana
tabacum
Lycopersicon
esculentum
Triticum
aestivum
2,4-D C C
Dicamba C
Glifosato C C C C C C C C C C
Glufosinato C C C C C C C C
Isoxaflutol X
Oxinil (v.g. bromoxinil) C C X
Sulfonilurea C C C C C
Coleópteros C C
Lepidópteros X C C C C X
Múltiples insectos C C C
Bean Golden Mosaic virus (BGMV) X
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) C
Plum pox virus (PPV) X
Potato Virus Y (PVY) C
Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV) X X X
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus (ZYMV) X
Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus 2 (WMV2) XTolerancia a
estrés abióticoSequía C
Producción de fitasa C X
Esterilidad masculina C C C
Senecencia/madurez retardada X X X
Ablandamiento retardado C
Flores con color modificado C X
Modificación de ácidos grasos y aceites C C
Modificación de almidón /carbohidratos C
Modificación de aminoácidos C
Modificación de alfa amilasa (termoestabilidad) C
Síntesis de nopalina C
Reducción de nicotina X
Tolerancia inmune a alergenos X
Marcadores de selección con antibióticos X C X X C X C C C X C C C C C C
Metabolismo de manosa C
Marcadores visuales para selección C X C C C X
Calidad de
producto
Selección de
eventos
Especies Vegetales Genéticamente Modificadas (GM)
Características introducidas
Tolerancia a
Insectos
Tolerancia a
enfermedades
(causadas por
virus)
Resistencia a
herbicidas
C = Commercial events X = Experimental evento s
Taken from: Rocha (2013) en preparation, based in several sources: BCH, ISAAA
Transgenics
28
chamanismognostico.webs.com
www.medicinajoven.com
tusaludpuravida.blogspot.com
www.taringa.net
Transgenics, misperception
29
poster.4teachers.org
www.ecotumismo.org
www.ecotumismo.org
alumnossecundariaqm.blogspot.com
www.gastronomiaycia.com www.taringa.net comunidadecologicapenalolen.bligoo.com
transgenicounaamenaza.blogspot.com
www.taringa.net
Transgenics, misperception
30
poster.4teachers.org
www.ecotumismo.org
www.ecotumismo.org
alumnossecundariaqm.blogspot.com
www.gastronomiaycia.com www.taringa.net comunidadecologicapenalolen.bligoo.com
transgenicounaamenaza.blogspot.com
www.taringa.net
Irresponsible messages
31
www.lagarbancitaecologica.org
musulmanesdecostarica.blogspot.com
identidadandaluza.wordpress.com www.redes.org.uy
www.elciudadano.cl
Irresponsible messages
32
www.lagarbancitaecologica.org
musulmanesdecostarica.blogspot.com
identidadandaluza.wordpress.com www.redes.org.uy
www.elciudadano.cl
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
33
Experiments´ description
• He wanted to test the effect of GM maize on the (potential) occurrence of cancer in rats.
Treatments 50ng/l 400 mg/kg 2,25g/l
Conventional (0% GM maize)
Mix with 11% GM maize NK603
Mix with 22% GM maize NK603
Mix with 33% GM maize NK603
M F M F M F
• Analysis:
– Microscopy and pathology observations
– Multivariate analysis
Glyphosate
Die
t
Sex
2 years
37
Experiments´ description
38
Inaccurate, vague
So, how was the weed control?
Which was the third one?
Experiments´ description
39
This type of rats prematurely develop spontaneous tumors (weeks 13 to 26, Prejean
JD; et al. 1973. Spontaneous tumors in Spregue-Dawley rats and Swiss mice. Cancer Research 33:2768-2773.)
What if normal rats were used or at least they do not develop cancer early?
Lefterov EA. 2011. A rat in а street of Sofia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street-rat.jpg 40
Experiments´ description
41
This type of rats prematurely develop spontaneous tumors (weeks 13 to 26, Prejean
JD; et al. 1973. Spontaneous tumors in Spregue-Dawley rats and Swiss mice. Cancer Research 33:2768-2773.)
So, rats were maintained with glyphosate solutions for two years?
Glyphosate
Location Half Life Reference
Soil < 60 days (9 weeks) U.S. EPA, 1979
Sandy soil 119 to 133 days (17 to 19 weeks)
Ghassemi et al., 1982
Silty loam soils 21 days (3 weeks)
Foliage and fallen leaves
10,4 to 26,6 days Newton et al. (1984)
Exposed soil 40,2 days
Soil with litter 29,2 days
Experiment LD50
(mg/kg) Reference
Glyphosate without surfactants in rats
4873 Bababunmi et al., 1978
Glyphosate without surfactants in mice
1568
Intraperitoneal injection in rats
235 Olorunsogo & Bababunmi, 1980
Intraperitoneal injection in mice
130
Source: National Toxicology Program (NTI). 1992. NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Glyphosate (CAS No. 1071-83-6) Administered in Dosed Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. PC. Chan & JF Mahler. Toxicity Reports Series No. 16, NIH Publication 92-3135.
42
Herbicide LD50 in mg/kg (classification)
LC50 in ppm (classification)
Half life (in days)
Atrazine 3080 (Mod.) (Slightly) Long life ND
2,4-D y 2,4-DP 375 (Mod.) 100 (Slightly) 28
Dicamba 1707 (Mod.) 35 (Slightly.) 14
Fluazifop 4096 (Mod.) 5,4 (Mod.) 21
Glyphosate 4873 (Slightly) 86 (Slightly) 60
Hexazinon 1690 (Mod.) 274 (no) 30
Imazapyr 5000 (Slightly) 100 (Slightly) 27
Metsulfron 5000 (Slightly) 150 (no) 42
Picloram 8200 (Slightly) (Slightly) 63
Sethoxydim 2676 (Mod.) (Slightly) 11
Sulfometuron 5000 (Slightly) 12,5 (Slightly) 10
Triclopyr 713 (Mod.) 117 (no) 46
Paraquat 120 (Ext.)
LD50 Reference: Nicotine 9 (Extremely), caffeine 192 (Extremely), bleach 192 (Extremely.), ammonia 350 (Moderate), kitchen salt 3000 (Moderate)
Based on: McNabb K. 1996. Forestry herbicide facts. ANR-0629. 18p. En http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0629/ Fishel, F; et al. 2005. Herbicides: How toxic are they? Univ. Florida PI-133. En http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI17000.pdf
43
Glyphosate
• Herbicide (weed killer) systemic post-emergence. – It is absorbed by the soil, not easily washed. – Its mobility in soil is affected by soil type, pH level and phosphates. – High absorption in clay and organic matter rich soils when compared to sandy soils. – Susceptible to degradation by bacterial metabolism (Sprankle et al., 1975) – It does not bioaccumulate in living cells (Ghassemi et al., 1982) due to its high solubility in water.
• Median lethal dose of glyphosate: 4873 mg / kg (slightly toxic) – Toxicity is measured in mammals and fish – The median lethal dose (LD50) is the amount of chemical required to kill 50% of a population of
test animals (rats). – It is expressed in mg of chemical per kg of animal weight in test. – The lethal concentration (LC50) is the amount of product dissolved in water which is lethal to 50%
of a population of fish.
• Physiological effects previously described – Santillo DJ; et al. 1989. Response of small mammals and habitat to glyphosate application on clearcuts. Journal of Wildlife Management 53(1):
164-172); Conicet, 2009. Evaluación de la información científica vinculada al glifosato en su incidencia sobre la salud humana y el ambiente. 132p.
• There are other more toxic herbicides. However, it is still a poison, not water!
Source: National Toxicology Program (NTI). 1992. NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Glyphosate (CAS No. 1071-83-6) Administered in Dosed Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. PC. Chan & JF Mahler. Toxicity Reports Series No. 16, NIH Publication 92-3135.
44
Descripción del Experimento
45
A classic test to compare mortality rates between various treatments is the Chi-square test.
Results
47
What these shocking pictures bring to the results of that “scientific” paper?
Are these pictures relevant for the paper?
Results
49
How to explain that more die in the control that in the diet at 33%?
The trends are almost the same,
how to differentiate GM effect from the effect of herbicide?
And how to isolate the natural
susceptibility of rats to tumors?
Results
50
How to explain that more die in the control that in the diet at 33%?
The trends are almost the same,
how to differentiate GM effect from the effect of herbicide?
And how to isolate the natural
susceptibility of rats to tumors?
How to explain that groups with 22% and 33% of GM maize die 3 times less than the controls?
Results
51
How to explain that more die in the control that in the diet at 33%?
The trends are almost the same,
how to differentiate GM effect from the effect of herbicide?
Y ¿cómo aislar la susceptibilidad
natural de las ratas a los tumores?
How to explain that groups with 22% and 33% of GM maize die 3 times less than the controls?
Seralini et al. (2012) Conclusions
52
Seralini et al. 2012. Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50:4221-4231.
1
2 3
4
Seralini et al. (2012) Conclusions
53
Seralini et al. 2012. Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50:4221-4231.
1
2 3
4
Data do not support conclusions
• He wanted to test the effect of GM maize on the (potential) occurrence of cancer in rats.
Treatments 50ng/l 400 mg/kg 2,25g/l
Conventional (0% GM maize)
Mix with 11% GM maize NK603
Mix with 22% GM maize NK603
Mix with 33% GM maize NK603
M F M F M F • Analysis:
– Microscopy and pathology observations
– Multivariate analysis
Glyphosate
Die
t
Sex
2 years
54
BUT:
• Dawley Sprague rats (susceptible to cancer) were used – Bacause “this strain … is preferentially used by some agencies such the National Toxicology Program” – but this strain is used for
testing anti-cancerigens not to test potential carcinogens.
• “water” used was a diluted solution of glyphosate, because “glyphosate is contaminating regular tap water!”
• Two year period for a tumor growing rat observation is unethical, tumors are presented from week 26 and information about it is available since 1973.
• Experiment has just one repetition because is a “long term experiment!”
Seralini et al. (2012) paper MUST be revoked and removed from scientific literature
• Scientific community dismisses the experimental design, execution, findings and publication.
• Evaluation system of the journal is questioned.
• Scientific community has asked the publisher to withdraw the paper.
• Access to full information on the experiment was required.
• Such experiments must be repeated by other groups.
55
Seralini et al. (2012) paper MUST be revoked and removed from scientific literature
• Technical oppositions were presented by scientists around the world and the journal gave Seralini the opportunity to respond to the questions.
56
Seralini´s reply and supporters
59
Statistics validates itself, does not depend on who evaluates a paper
"If it takes longer to read an article, its quality increases"
FALSE
Accepting this postulate is to disqualify more than 150 years of scientific demonstrations and facts
Seralini et al. (2012) paper MUST be revoked and removed from scientific literature
64
• El artículo de Seralini et al. (2012) debe ser revocado y retirado por las serias limitaciones en el diseño de los experimentos y por la manera poco transparente de presentar los resultados.
GM maize, ego, cancer and rats
66
2004 2003 2006
Fuente: Amazon.com
Foto: Nature (11 Oct. 2012). Vol 490:158
Consequences
Positive • Greater control and rigorous in the peer review systems of scientific
journals. • Proper (but late) response of the international scientific community.
Negative • Fear was generated. • Negative public perception towards science. • On the quality of the magazine and French science. • Economic Implications (imports closure [Russia], altering market
dynamics). • Threatens the world's food security. • Unfounded, puts into question the decisions of acceptance of GM corn
made up yto now by the world's biosafety committees. • If quantifying, how much did cost and will cost the hasty and
unsubstantiated conclusions of Seralini´s paper?
67
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bio-products production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
69
• Advances in genetic modification of plants against nematodes (Atkinson et al. 2012, Curr. Opin.
Biotech. 23:251-256).
• GM plants that use phosphite as phosphorus source (López-Arredondo DL; Herrera-Estrella L. 2013,
Nature biotech. 30(9):889-893).
• Production and field trials of cassava (Manihot esculenta) GM for low amylose production in Indonesia (Koehorst-van Putten HJJ; et al. 2012. Transgenic Res 21:39–50).
• GM banana (rice genes) resistant to black zigatoka (Kova´cs G; et al. 2013. Transgenic Res 22:117–
130)
• First example of GM potatoes modified with three resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans (Zhu S; et al. 2012. Transgenic Res 21:89–99).
• Approved Elelyso production (taliglucerasa alpha) in bioreactors of GM carrot cells (Fox J.
2012. Nature biotech. 30(6):472)
• GM silkworms to produce spider protein (Teule F; et al. 2012. PNAS USA 109:923-928).
• Transgene Promoters DataBase (TGP, http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru/mgs/dbases/tgp/home.html)
• GM cloned cow expressing omega-3 fatty acids (Wu X. 2012 Transgenic Res. 21(3): 537-543).
Advances in Transgenesis
70
Advances in Transgenesis: GM Plants and nematodes control
71 Taken from: Atkinson HJ; Lilley CJ; Urwin PE. 2012. Strategies for transgenic nematode control in developed and developing world crops. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 23:251–256.
Advances in Transgenesis: GM plants to use phosphite as P source and weed control
72 Taken from: López-Arredondo DL; Herrera-Estrella L. 2013, Engineering phosphorous metabolism in plants to produce a dual fertilization and weed control system. Nature Biotech. 30(9):889-893.
Advances in Transgenesis: GM cassava with low-amylose starch
73 Taken from: Koehorst-van Putten et al. 2012, Field testing and exploitation of genetically modified cassava with low-amylose or amylose-free starch in Indonesia. Transgenic Res. 21:39-50.
Advances in Transgenesis: GM Banana resistant to Black Zigatoka
74 Taken from: Kova´cs G; et al. 2013. Expression of a rice chitinase gene in transgenic banana (¨Gross Michel¨, AAA genome group) confers resistance to black streak disease. Transgenic Res 22:117–130.
Leaf disk bioassay with Mycosphaerella fijiensis on 9-month old greenhouse ´Gross Michel´ banana plants transformed with one of two rice chitinase genes.
• Elelyso is a recombinant form of human glucocerebrosidase (taliglucerasa alpha).
• It is produced in a call ProCellEx technology platform that enables cultivation of the plant cells (carrot) to produce complex recombinant proteins similar to those produced by human cells.
• Elelyso is injectable and replaces the human enzyme for treating Gaucher's disease.
– It prevents lipid accumulation in organs and tissues and the liver and pancreas damage.
• Protalix BioTherapeutics-ProCellEx.
Advances in Molecular farming
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Advances in Transgenesis: GM Silkworm for spider silk fibers
76
Taken from: Chung, H; Yong Kim T; Yup Lee S. 2012. Recent advances in production of recombinant spider silk proteins. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 23:957-964. Teule F; Miao YG, Sohn BH, Kim YS, Hull JJ, Fraser MJ Jr; Lewis RV, Jarvis DL. 2012. Silkworms transformed with chimeric silkworm/spider silk genes spin composite silk fibers with improved mechanical properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:923-928.
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bioproducts production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
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• The wide range of measures, policies and procedures that deal with preserving the biological integrity, minimizing the potential negative effects or risks that could eventually represent biotechnology on the environment or human health (SCBD, 2003).
Biosafety
78
Technical (Biological &
Environmental)
Economical
BIO- SAFETY
Political
(Social)
Advances in Biosafety for LAC
Company
CTNBio
Forms Documents
Fares
Concepts
Evaluations Risk analysis
Open consultation Experts
Files
Minister YES
Research Implementation
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Approval resolution
Research in Biosafety of GMOs
80 Ricroch AE. 2013. Assessment of GE food safety using omics techniques and long-term animal feeding studies. New Biotechnology. Vol. 29(Supplement):S25 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt2012.12.001
• Are additional tests necessary to ensure the safety of GMO products?
Methodology
• Use of the latest technology ("omics") to analyze animals fed conventional and GM crops.
• 16 generations of animals were studied.
Results
• Genetic modification has less impact on the expression of genes of plants compared with the conventional improvement.
• Environmental factors (location of the lot, time of sampling or agricultural practice) have more impact than transgenesis itself.
• Neither “omic” study profile showed the need for new concerns about GM varieties or on long-term studies on multigenerational animal.
Conclusions
• No need for long-term studies on a case unless a reasonable doubt that result from feeding trials at 90 days.
• It is not necessary to carry out additional mandatory toxicological studies on the current commercialized GM events.
Research in Biosafety of GMOs
81 Ricroch AE. 2013. Assessment of GE food safety using omics techniques and long-term animal feeding studies. New Biotechnology. Vol. 29(Supplement):S25 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt2012.12.001
Omics interaction in Agriculture
Chen, N. et al. 2012. Metabolic network reconstruction: advances in in silico interpretation of analytical information. Current opinion in biotech. 23(1): 77-82.
Bioinformatics
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• Are additional tests necessary to ensure the safety of GMO products?
Methodology
• Use of the latest technology ("omics") to analyze animals fed conventional and GM crops.
• 16 generations of animals were studied.
Results
• Genetic modification has less impact on the expression of genes of plants compared with the conventional improvement.
• Environmental factors (location of the lot, time of sampling or agricultural practice) have more impact than transgenesis itself.
• Neither “omic” study profile showed the need for new concerns about GM varieties or on long-term studies on multigenerational animal.
Conclusions
• No need for long-term studies on a case unless a reasonable doubt that result from feeding trials at 90 days.
• It is not necessary to carry out additional mandatory toxicological studies on the current commercialized GM events.
Research in Biosafety of GMOs
83 Ricroch AE. 2013. Assessment of GE food safety using omics techniques and long-term animal feeding studies. New Biotechnology. Vol. 29(Supplement):S25 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt2012.12.001
Important information in Biosafety
• VI COP-MOP (The sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (Hyderabad-India)
– 1,200 delegates (Government, civil society and industry)
• USA Elections
– Proposition 37, on labeling of GMO products (California) was rejected 6th November 2012.
• Decisions on approval of GM maize in Mexico
• Submission of applications for authorization of GM maize planting for seed production and export in Costa Rica.
• Rule of Law 29,811 on GM moratorium in Peru (13th November 2012).
• Presidential Repositioning GM crops in Ecuador. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4kn41nIvss)
• Presidential Support position CONBIO in Paraguay.
Election Votes Donations
(U$D)
Yes 6 088 714 9,2 million
No 6 442 371 46 million http://votersedge.org/california/ballot-measures/2012/november/prop-37/funding
youtube.com
84
• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bioproducts production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
85
Final Considerations
About biotechnology
• Biotechnology (broadly sense) develops rapidly and is becoming a key tool for different types of agriculture.
• The vast majority of the tools of biotechnology can be considered useful clean technologies in agriculture.
• At present and in terms of information gathering and analysis, the most powerful biotechnologies are genomics and bioinformatics.
• In terms of impact and adoption, the predominant biotechnology is transgenesis.
• In terms of use of small producers, biotechnologies that allow the production of bio-products (fermentation, composting, etc.) are the most used.
86
Final Considerations
About transgenics
• Since 1996, messages questioning the safety of GMOs have been generated. – The Internet is full of unscientific views regarding the impact of GMOs on monarch
butterflies, bees, beetles, cows, rats and humans.
• In response to such questions, scientific research has shown that none of the GM crops currently on the market have harmful effects on the health of humans, animals or the environment.
• The “opinions" on GMOs have led to misinformation and worse to create fear and terror. – Unfortunately, the messages based on validated results of experimental science have
not had the same circulation.
• Is scientists' apathy to debate with dogmatic people partly allowing that
the irresponsibility has wings and take flight? No!
87
Final Considerations
About Science
• Science in its search for truth has based its rigor in the scientific method.
• New technologies and biotechnologies in particular must meet all the tenets of the scientific method. – E.g. Reproducibility and genomic sequencing experiments.
• No analysis systems can accept unsubstantiated tests
• It is the responsibility of the scientific community to draw attention to those results presented as technical but who do not meet the quality, impartiality and rigor that characterize science.
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• Biotechnology and biosafety for IICA – Position
– Activities and relevant results 2012
• Advances in: – Genomics (sequencing), “omics” and bioinformatics
– Bioproducts production
– Transgenesis • Egos, cancer and rats
– Biosafety
• Final Comments
Content
89
IICA Sede Central http://www.iica.int
AB&B
Pedro J. Rocha, Ph.D.
E-mail: Pedro.Rocha@iica.int
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