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Week of April 12th-16th
Monday: Complete presentations on 1750-1914 time period
Tuesday: PSSAs, per 1-3 in afternoon Day 1Wednesday: PSSAs, per 4-9 afternoon
Day 2Thursday: PSSAs, per 4-9 afternoon
Day 1
Friday: In class COT essay (question from C 32 or 33,
your choice) 50 points
Monday 4/19:Review
Tuesday 4/20:C29-33 TEST 70 points1914- today Presentations: end of week April 26th…
REVIEW BOOK ???
DBQ Observations:
• Don’t talk about one document at a time (avoid “listing”), don’t write about one document per paragraph, etc. (BETTER HERE)
• Don’t just summarize the documents: ANALYZE . (BETTER HERE)
• Make sure that the groups correspond to your thesis• Evidence must be argued from docs INDIVIDUALLY• Use your thesis to organize your essay (often times the groups,ie: paragraphs, did NOT correspond to your thesis• POV still a problem• If you’re going for TONE: make sure you follow through and SAY whyyou have analyzed the doc for tone in that way– not enough to just saythe tone is informative, threatening, sad, angry, convincing- you have to say WHYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY• not enough to merely identify the role, ethnicity, etc of the author: you have to complete the analysis (what does the role have to do withwhat the person says??? Why does this person believe what he/she does?Given the person’s role, why does that influence what is said??????)
Additional doc requestMust relate to prompt!!MUST help you analyzeattitudes towardtechnology!!!!!!
Global Effects of Industrialization?
World Manufacturing Output 1750-1900
Russia: Count Sergei WitteJapan: zaibatsuUnited States: industrial revolution
and source of raw materials
Demand for raw materials, new markets= Global Economic Interdependence
Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.
War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.
The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.
Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.
Condoms invented in Condoms invented in England (17England (17thth C = C = animal intestines, 19animal intestines, 19thth C C = latex)= latex)
Thomas Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population 1798
By 1850:Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
ù Northeast France.ù Belgium.ù The Netherlands.ù Western German states.ù Northern Italyù East Germany Saxony
Pindustrialization promoted by
government (ie: Pacific Railway Act, GB does not allow export of machinery or technology) (zaibatsu)
E markets controlled by industrialists
industrial capitalism cheap imported goods damage local economies factory system replaces "putting out" system increase in # of railroads shipping costs lowered formation of corporations, trusts no seasonal/weather restrictions to the work day strikes?/ Luddites?? affordable goods now available
for average consumer(Crystal Palace 1851: GB)
S population increase new divisions of labor increased urbanization population migrations increased labor specialization away from agricultural skills(-) definition of work changed factory system led to increased class distinctions (Marx/Engels?) external/ internal migrations(+) discouraged slavery (why?)(+) protests led to social reform(-) break up of the family/child labor(-) shifting fertility & mortality(-) disease increases (cholera, typhus)(+) men gained status through work(+) leisure time(-) pollution
Chapter 30: The Industrial Revolution (EFFECTS)
C 32: Societies at the Crossroads: Ottoman Empire, Russia, Japan and China
Issues that they share• military weaknesses• vulnerable to foreigners who couldoften force their way in• propose reform modeledon the West (education,responsive govt, writtenconstitutions, limit powerof rulers, guarantees ofequality)
Issues where they differ• Ottoman Empire, RussiaChina = elite rulers did not embrace or support reform• Japan = Tokugawa Shogunate fell, emperor wasrestored, reform is thoroughand embraced industrialization
Territorial Losses of the Ottoman Empire (1800-1914)
MuhammadAli (r. 1805-1848)
Why “The Crossroads”?
The Crimean Wars: 1854-1856
Sultan AbdulHamid II1876-1901
The Young Turks1889-1908
TanzimatReforms1839-1876
Sultan Mahmud II1808-1839
Geography
Religion
Geographically diverse- for centuries controlled trade routes from East to West_____________________________IslamSome resistance to reform by conservative clerics/ internal conflict (Christians, Muslims, Jews) ______________________________Turkish made the official language even With Arabic and Slavic speakersSee Tanzimat Era/ Young Turks___________________________ Territorial Losses from Russia, the BalkansLoss of Egypt (Muhammad Ali) 1820, Greece 1830, Serbia 1867Semi-independent war lords are a problemCorrupt leadership/ private armiesMilitary weak/ technologically weakInternal conflict ethnic/ nationalist groupsAuthority under
Sultan Mahmud II(1808-1839)(however undermined authority of the ulamaTanzimat Era: 1839-1876 (conservative critics)Reform accelerated, restructuring of militaryBased on European models, attacked Ottoman sharia laws educational reform, centralized
Achievements
Political
Societies at the Crossroads: The Ottoman Empire 1750-1914
EconomicIncreased economic pressure from EuropeLoss of control (and revenue) from trade due to shifting focus on Atlantic tradeReluctance to embrace modern technologyLed to fiscal insolvency, economic dependence, foreign loans (high interest)1882 CAPITULATIONS = humiliatingDeprived Ottomans of income (GB didn’t have to pay taxes)Extraterritoriality imposed________YOUNG TURKS: 1889-1908(Social and Political)(Parisian Exiles): Universal suffrageEquality before the law, Freedom of religionemancipationFree public education, Nationalistic (Turkish independence within empire=Arab resistanceunited in mistrust of Europe1908: Inspired an Army CoupMehmed V Rashid (r. 1909-1918) puppet sultan
DECLINE: continued to lose wars, subject peoples wanted autonomy, survived b/c Europe didn’t know how to divide empire w/oUpsetting their own balance of power
Social
Societies at the Crossroads: The Ottoman Empire 1750-1914
Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire (Young Turks 1908)
1. The basis for the Constitution will be respect for the predominance of the national will. One of the consequences of this principle will be to require without delay the responsibility of the minister before the Chamber, and, consequently, to consider the minister as having resigned, when he does not have a majority of the votes of the Chamber.
2. Provided that the number of senators does not exceed one-third the number of deputies, the Senate will be named as follows: one-third by the Sultan and two-thirds by the nation, and the term of senators will be of limited duration………
7. The Turkish tongue will remain the official state language. Official correspondence and discussion will take place in Turkish………
9. Every citizen will enjoy complete liberty and equality, regardless of nationality or religion, and be submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans, being equal before the law as regards rights and duties relative to the State, are eligible for government posts, according to their individual capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be equally liable to the military law.
The Russian Empire 1801-1914Why “The Crossroads”?
Peter I the Great (r. 1682-1725)
Catherine II the Great (r. 1762-1796)
Alexander I (r. 1801-1825)
Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)
Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)Sergei Witte
Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)
Geography
Religion
Extremely geographically diverse_______Russian Orthodox Christianity (1/2)Judaism (pogroms)Extreme multi-culturalism_____________________________IndustrializationSergei Witte (Trans- Siberian Railroad)(however peasant discontent: low wages, long hrs, uprooted from agrarian lifestyle)__________________________ Romanov tsars ruled as autocrats w/ support of church and nobilityRussian military (although backward) expanded empire to E, S and SW(threat to Ottoman Empire upset European balance of power = Crimean War (1853-1856)= Russian LOSS)Tsars attempt to censor intelligenisa (radicals/socialists) (latter 20th C)Nationalism gains support (Baltics, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, central Asia)= tsarist threatREFORM under Alexander II (regional assemblies: zemstovs) but subordinate to tsar/1876 terrorists arm of an anarchist group assassinated Alexander II (no more reform)
Achievements
Political
Societies at the Crossroads: The Russian Empire 1750-1914
Economic
Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917): further police control, further expansion into Manchuria/Korea = Russo-Japanese War 1905 (Japan destroys Russian navy)
Tsars agree to some political concessions = The Duma (national legislature) by October 1905 (failed for now- lacked authority)______________________________Industrialization with a fundamental agrarian economy (motivation different than in WEST: Why??)Key to modern success = emancipation of the serfs (WHY?)Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) abolished serfdom (landowners compensated for their loss BUT freed serfs not happy: WHY?)______________________________Military defeats (Crimean War, Russo-Japanese War 1905) Russification: attacks on ethnic minoritiesled to riots:Bloody Sunday (January 1905 march on Winter Palace)Social discontent leads to October 1905 Revolution
Social
Societies at the Crossroads: The Russian Empire 1750-1914
Political
Bloody Sunday 1905:Soldiers shot into the crowd
Civilian Deaths=96-4000
Strike for fair pay, Suffrage, shorterWork day
But……
China and Japan: 19th century PressuresWhy “The Crossroads”?
CHINA: Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1838-1842
Since 1759: European tradeLimited to port of Guangzhou
Foreign merchants forced to deal with Chinese firms called cohongs: ONLYtrade in silver buillon
40,000 chests of opium a year shipped to China by 1838Commissioner Lin Zexu rejected by Queen VictoriaLin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium
Forced to grant extraterritoriality statusUNEQUAL TREATIES/ Spheres of Influence
WAR!
Unequal Treaties
According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to:
• Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese
• Open several ports to British trade • Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong • Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in
China REACTION?
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
Opposed the Manchus: wanted
radicalSocial change, no footbinding, no
private property, free public ed, no concubinage(men and women
equal)20-30 million lives
lostMassive decline in
economy/ food
1885 France took Vietnam
1895 Japan forced Korean independence
1898 Spheres of Influence
China:
The Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900
Society of Righteous and Harmonious FistsChinese Empress Dowager Cixi
University of Pennsylvania49 lb flawless crystal sphere-second largest in the world
Geography
Religion
Extremely geographically diverse_______
unequal treaties allowed Christian missionaries ______________________________
__________________________
Qing Dynasty (Manchus) 1644-1911British introduced opium to end cohong systemOpium War (1839-1842)- Chinese easily defeatedunequal treatiesTreaty of Nanjing 1842lost tribute states of Vietnam, Burma, Korea, Taiwan
Achievements
Political
Societies at the Crossroads: China 1750-1914
Economic
1896 Spheres of Influence1899-1900 Boxer Rebellion (Empress Dowager Cixi supported militia against foreigners)1900- Chinese leaders no longer in control of economy 1912- collapse of the Qing Dynasty _____________________________BEFORE: tight control of foreign trade/ foreign contact/ cohong systemagrarian/ little demand for foreign goodsAFTER: unequal treatiesultimately severe economic decline (eating grass, human flesh)"Self Strengthening" Movement (1860-1895) failed_____________________________
popular uprisings 1850-1860sTaiping Rebellion defeated by Qing and foreign troops (1864)government slaughtered 100,000 TaipingsHundred Days reforms 1898
Social
Societies at the Crossroads: China 1750-1914
Political
Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world.
ClosedCountry Edicts 1635 and 1639
Why “The Crossroads”For JAPAN?
JAPAN: Commodore Perry 1853 and Unequal Treaties
Meiji Restoration 1868 ended Tokugawa Shogunate
European style militaryModernized the infrastructure
New public health measures/ population increase
1872 Mass public education system1890s Massive industrialization (zaibatsu)
Supported consumer culture/ department stores
History of feudalism may have helped them understand the military aspects of the Western
challenge/ created group loyalties
Japan had a history of successful imitation and China did not.
Treaty of Kanagawa: March 31, 1854
1. Peace and friendship between the United States and Japan.
2. Opening of two ports to American ships at Shimoda and Hakodate
3. Help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast and
protection for shipwrecked persons
4. Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water,
and other necessary provisions in Japanese ports.
Geography
Religion
isolationExtremely geographically diverse_______
Shintoism/ Neo-Confucianism/ Buddhismunequal treaties allowed Christian missionaries ______________________________universal education (primary and secondary)
competitive universities__________________________ Tokugawa shogunate failing to end crisisforeign pressure to reverse closed door policy1840s bakufu plan to attack foreign interests1853 Commodore Matthew Perryunequal treaties = humiliation = end of Tokugawa rule1868 Meiji Restoration = end to military ruleconstitutional government 1889 (parliament, Diet, political parties) Emperor still theoretically in charge)
daimyo and samurai lose power
government supported industrial growth/ outlawed unions and labor reform
Achievements
Political
Societies at the Crossroads: Japan 1750-1914
Economic
political stability linked to industrial growth defeated China 1895, Russia 1904
____________________________tax system reorganized (grain taxes to fixed money)industry: govt take over of industry to modernize it- then sold some to private investors (zaibatsu) railroads, telegraphs, steamships, postal systems, banking systems, munitions production)
1899 unequal treaties ended- no limits on Japanese in trade either___________________________peasant class suffer under tax burdenuprisings quickly suppressedConfucian social order dismantled
Almost all Japanese became legally equal as commoners- still female infanticide
Social
Societies at the Crossroads: Japan 1750-1914
Political
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