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Where have all the women gone?
Katie A. MoorPhD StudentIndiana University
?Ada Lovelace,
The 1st Programmer
Grace Hopper,
Creator of Cobol
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Retention
Problem?
What can we do?
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Pile
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Dee
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by J
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Recruitment
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Recruitment
Retention What can we do?
Pile
d H
ighe
r &
Dee
per
by J
orge
Cha
mht
tp:/
/ww
w.p
hdco
mic
s.co
m
Retention
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
What can we do?
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Pile
d H
ighe
r &
Dee
per
by J
orge
Cha
mht
tp:/
/ww
w.p
hdco
mic
s.co
m
Recruitment
What can we do?
Pile
d H
ighe
r &
Dee
per
by J
orge
Cha
mht
tp:/
/ww
w.p
hdco
mic
s.co
m
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Recruitment
Retention
Where have all thewomen gone?
Female percentage of CS Bachelor's
degrees: 1971-1997
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970
-71
1980
-81
1990
-91
academic year
fem
ale
perc
enta
ge o
f CS
degre
es
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
Cohoon, J. McGrath. “Toward Improving Female Retention in the ComputerScience Major” in Communications of the ACM: May 2001.
Where have all thewomen gone?
Female percentage of CS Bachelor's
degrees: 1971-1997
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
fem
ale
perc
enta
ge o
f CS d
egre
es
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
Unix Apple, PCs,Printers
C++,Graphics,CDROMS
Dot ComBoom,Java
Dispelling some rumors…0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 12 Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 12
Male
Female
%%
“I like Mathematics” “I lam good at Mathematics”
National Science Foundation. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities inScience and Engineering: 2002. July 2003.
Women can do math0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
Number of Bachelor Degrees in Mathematics
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Men
Women
. Association of Women in Science. Statistics:http://awis.org/statistics/r_statisticsmain.html
Why do we need women in computing?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
• Program design isimproved when designersbetter understand users.
• Having designers from adiversity of gender andethnic backgrounds willimprove designs.
Is Diversity in Computing a Moral Matter? InInroads, by Deborah G. Johnson & Keith W. Miller
DESIGN: Marcus, A (1993) Human communication issues inadvanced UIs. Communications of the ACM, 101-109.
USER STUDY: Teasley, B., Leventhal, L., Blumenthal, B.,Instone, K., and Stone, D. 1994) Cultural diversity in userinterface design. SIGCHI Bulletin, 26(1), 36-40.
Give women the opportunity to succeed in computing
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91
Problem?
• Over half of malestudents who have acomputer at home havethe computer in theirroom
• Only 17% of womenreceived a computer earlyin their education (40% ofmale students reportedhaving computers early on)
Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing.Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher
Where do we start?
• At all ages, boys spendmore times playing videogames
• Age 8, twice as muchtime gaming than girls
• Over age 14, over 50%more gaming than girls
• Gaming = confidence incomputing
Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing.Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Recruitment
High School is Important
• Boys typically makedecisions aboutcomputing early on fromgaming
• Girls “try things out” inhigh school
Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing.Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Recruitment
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Recruitment How do we get womeninterested in computing?
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Recruitment Dispel the geek stereotype
CMU Roadshow. http://women.cs.cmu.edu/What/Outreach/Roadshow/
• CMU Roadshow
• Invite guest speakers
• Be a positive role model
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Recruitment Educate yourself, teachers,counselors, and parents
JETT @ IU 2003
Men
Women
• Recommend home computersbe placed in centralized locations
• If your classes are not 50-50,notify administrators
• Talk to parents and counselorsto help encourage women
• Create a technology club
Retention Create opportunities forinterdisciplinary work
• Over 40% of women wantedto do interdisciplinary work(art, medicine, education,etc.).
• Women design applicationsfor communication andcollaboration. Men designapplications as an“extension of power.”
Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing.Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher
Honey et al. (1991) Bank Street College Center forChildren and Technology.
Retention Provide a safe, positivelab environment
• Computer labs allowstudents to get a break
• Limit harassment and lewdconduct
• Lab set-up influences howstudents work
Retention Create a communityfor all students
• Why aren’t there Men inEducation or Men inPsychology groups?
• Create a support structure forfemale students
• Keep in mind how people think
I got a 67 onthe test…do Ibelong in CS?
Hmm…a67…
Nope
NopeNope
Not my fault,the teachercan’t teach!
Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
Encourage women!Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
What canwe do?
• Be aware of your voice, gestures, and body language
• Do not “talk down to girls”
• Ask high-order, open ended questions to all students
• Put girls in touch with female scientists
• Encourage questioning and exploration for all students
North Central Regional Education Laboratory
Get Involved!Piled Higher & Deeper by Jorge Chamhttp://www.phdcomics.com
What canwe do?
• ACM-W High School Chapters
• Systers
• Computer Girl
• Regional Grace Hopper Conference
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