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Whitepaper
Eye Tracking
© Competence Centre for Virtual Reality and Cooperative Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Kfm. Christoph Runde, Franziska JöckelVirtual Dimension Center (VDC) FellbachAuberlenstr. 1370736 Fellbachwww.vdc-fellbach.de
Eye Tracking
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Market analysis
3. Construction types
4. Measurement methods
5. Application fields
24.09.2018 2
5. Application fields
6. Summary
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Market analysis
3. Construction types
4. Measurement methods
5. Application fields
Introduction
24.09.2018 3
5. Application fields
6. Summary
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
� Eye tracking refers to the visual movements of a person, consisting mainly of fixations (points that are focused), saccades (fast eye movements) and regressions.
� Eye tracking systems consist of
(1) recording devices/ techniques
Introduction to the field of technology
Introduction
24.09.2018 4
(2) the algorithms for processing the raw measurement data and
(3) the utilization in the form of representation methods of the processed information.
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
� The purpose of eye tracking is usually to determine where a person is looking
� In order to calculate the intersection of the human visual axis with relevant objects, the following three parameters must be recorded:
o Viewing direction
Eye position in the spatial coordinate system
Introduction to the field of technology
Introduction
24.09.2018 5
o Eye position in the spatial coordinate system
o Coordinates of all relevant objects in the spatial coordinate system
� Eye tracking technologies deal with capturing either the first or the first two types of information
� If the viewing objects are on a screen, tracking systems also involve the third type of information; otherwise it requires a 3D space model
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Anatomy of the human eye with several basic terms
Introduction to the field of technology
Introduction
24.09.2018 6
Anatomy of the
human eye
Image: anatomyclass01.us
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Market analysis
3. Construction types
4. Measurement methods
5. Application fields
Market Analysis
24.09.2018 7
5. Application fields
6. Summary
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Market figures, market development
� Dynamically growing market
� Market volume 2018: approximately $ 400 million
� By 2023, the market volume will reach $ 1.43 billion
Market Analysis
24.09.2018 8
� Assistive communication applications had the largest eye-tracking market share in 2016
� North America as the largest regional market
� External systems as the most important form of eye tracking systems
Image: Eye Tracking Market, 2018
Global market development eye
tracking 2016-2023
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Market participants
� Among the most important eye tracking companies rank:
o Tobii AB,
o Eyetracking Inc.,
o Seeing machines Ltd.,
o Smarteye AB,
o LC Technologies Inc.,
o Eyetech Digital Systems Inc.,
o Ergoneers GmbH,
o PRS IN VIVO,
Market Analysis
24.09.2018 9
o Sensomotoric Instruments (SMI) GmbH [now part of Apple],
� Detailed overview of companies with assignedtechnologies and application markets on the next slide
o PRS IN VIVO,
o SR Research Ltd.
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Market participants
Zu den wichtigsten Eye-Tracking Unternehmen zählen:
� Tobii AB,
� Eyetracking Inc.,
� Seeing machines Ltd.,
� Smarteye AB,
� Sensomotoric Instruments (SMI) GmbH
� LC Technologies Inc.,
� Eyetech Digital Systems Inc.,
� Ergoneers GmbH,
� PRS IN VIVO,
SR Research Ltd.
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Market Analysis
24.09.2018 10
� Sensomotoric Instruments (SMI) GmbH [nun Teil von Apple],
Weitere:
� Eye Sight
� Sightcorp
� Cogisen
� Irisbond
� Tobii Pro
� Pupil labs
� SR Research Ltd.
� GazeHawk
� Eyezag
� Eyeware
� Lumen research
� Arrington research
� Gazepoint
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Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Market analysis
3. Construction types
3.1 Tower-Mounted Eye Tracking
3.2 Remote Eye Tracking
Construction Types
24.09.2018 11
3.2 Remote Eye Tracking
3.3 Mobile systems
4. Measurement methods
5. Application fields
6. Summary
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Tower-Mounted Eye Tracking
� Head of the test person is fixed in the device
� Three techniques ca be distinguished:
o Pan tilt systems: mechanically movable components enable the camera (optics) to track the test person´s head movements
o Tilting mirror systems: camera and optics remain fixed Image: Fa. SR Research
EyeLink 1000
tower mounted
eye tracker
Construction Types
24.09.2018 12
o Tilting mirror systems: camera and optics remain fixed in space, servo-driven mirrors allow tracking of the eye during head movements
o Fixed camera systems: these systems do without any mechanically moving components and achieve freedom of movement by means of image processing methods
� Advantage: Delivers more accurate results in higher image frequency, disadvantage: intrusive, immobile
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Remote Eye Tracking
� Enables non-contact measurements, eliminating the need for mechanical components such as transmission cables or chin restraints
� The test person can move freely within a certain range of motion after successful calibration
� Compensation of head movements: a person can fix
Remote
Eyetracker
(integrated in
screen)
Tobii
Image: Tobii
Construction Types
24.09.2018 13
� Compensation of head movements: a person can fix a place and perform head movements without losing the fixation location
� To register eye movements on a computer screen, the components of the device can either be installed directly in a screen or mounted below or next to it
� Advantage: not intrusive, disadvantage: immobile
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Mobile systems
� Eye tracking solutions are installed in glasses frames or similar and are connected to a portable computer
� One camera system is pointed on the environment (world cam), one on the pupil (eye cam)
Mobile eye
tracker
Eye squere
Image: eve spare
Construction Types
24.09.2018 14
cam)
� An algorithm projects one into the other
� These systems make it possible to largely observe people in natural interaction with products and media
� Possible applications outside the laboratory
� Advantage: mobile, disadvantage: intrusive
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Market analysis
3. Construction types
4. Measurement methods
4.1 Eye attached tracking
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 15
4.1 Eye attached tracking
4.2 Electric potential measurement
4.3 Optical methods
� Oculography
� Infrared or LASER reflections
� 3D Tracking
5. Application fields
6. Summary
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Eye attached tracking
The position and orientation of an object connected with the eye (e.g. a specific contact lens) can be measured:� Reflection of mirrored contact lenses is recorded by a
camera� Electromagnetic tracking by means of a search coil:
Mirror
reflection
systems
Image: Holqvist, K; Andersson 2017
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 16
� Electromagnetic tracking by means of a search coil: contact lenses provided with coils are exposed to a magnetic field � eye movement can be calculated from induced tension
� Photoelectric tracking: photoelectric sensors conduct electricity as a function of the incident light and thus of the eye movement
� Video-based tracking of artificial markers (black dots on the sclera)
Search
Coil
Photo-
electric
limbus
tracker
Image: Duchowski, A. T., 2017
Image: Gilroy, H., 2018
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Electric potential measurement
� Measuring the electrical potential by positioning electrodes around the eye
� Electrooculograms (electro-oculography - EOG) measure the electrical voltage between the retina (negative pole) and the cornea (positive pole)
� Imec, a research center for nanoelectronics and
Example of an EOG
system
Image: Duchowski, A. T., 2017
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 17
� Imec, a research center for nanoelectronics and digital technologies, has introduced a fast, wireless eye tracking system (ITF Belgium 2018) based on EOG
o Five dry contact electrodes on glasses
o Ergonomic design of everyday glasses
o Sampling rates of 256 per secondImage: imec
Fast, wireless eye
tracking
ergonomically
designed
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical detection - Oculography
1. Oculography� Optical detection of eye properties during rotation and translation
� Measurands of oculographyo Pupil shapeo Eyelid angle and cornea curvature
Example pupil
forms
Image: Duchowski, A. T., 2017
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 18
o Eyelid angle and cornea curvatureo Position of the limbuso Retinao Position face and eyes
� Two fundamentally different methods can be distinguished regarding the evaluation of these measured values:o Regression analysis (appearance-based approach)o Parametric-geometric fitting
Retina
characteristics
around the visual
nerve
Example of a
bright pupil
Image: N.N., 2018
Image: Duchowski, A. T., 2017
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical detection - Oculography
� Regression analysis (appearance-based approach): The captured 2D image is compared to and merged with previously acquired images that have already been logically assigned to a meaning
� Parametric geometric fitting – today used for eyes and face
Camera images of
eyes for evaluation
Image: Eyeware
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018
� Parametric geometric fitting – today used for eyes and faceo Eyes: geometric image recognition, in which image features are mathematically detected � fitting of a known geometric primitive
o Face: Face-model-based approach determines facial features from the 2D image
The feature-based
evaluation„Iris-
Fitting“
Optical determination
of facial characteristics
from a 2D image
19
Image: Eyeware
Image: tobii
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical detection - Oculography
Advantages of oculography:
+ Mostly non-intrusive procedure (exception: retina tracking)
+ Falling prices of digital camera systems
+ Retina tracking is very accurate
Disadvantages of oculography:
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 20
Disadvantages of oculography:
- Retina tracking is intrusive
- Regression analysis, parametric-geometric fitting and face-model-based approach are less accurate/ reliable
- Dependency on lighting conditions
- If only one camera is used, 3D spatial information is missing; oculography is unable to determine the focal point
- Stereoscopic camera systems limit the working space
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical detection – Infrared or LASER reflection
2. Infrared or LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) reflection
� For the absolute direction of view, several eye features must be measured, so that the head movement can be distinguished from the eye rotation
� Measuring principles of infrared or LASER reflectionThe four Purkinje-
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 21
� Measuring principles of infrared or LASER reflectiono Pupil center-cornea-reflection (PCCR): measurement of
corneal reflection (also called Purkinje reflections/ image) relative to the pupil center
o Dual Purkinje Imaging (DPI) eye trackers: also measure the fourth Purkinje image � differentiate between translational and rotational eye movement; DPI-Eye trackers are very precise, but the viewer's head has to be fixed
o The regression analysis or the parametric-geometric fitting can be used to determine the pupil center
The four Purkinje-
reflections
The user of this DPI
eye tracker fixes her
head by biting in a
fixed dental imprint
Image: Duchowski, A. T., 2017
Image: Duchowski, A. T., 2017
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical detection – Infrared or LASER reflection
Advantages of infrared/ LASER reflection:
+ PCCR systems are not intrusive (exception: mobile PCCR glasses)
+ If multiple cameras are used, the estimation of the head position in absolute 3D space is also possible
+ If (non-visible) infrared light is used, the entire setup is more independent of the
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 22
+ If (non-visible) infrared light is used, the entire setup is more independent of the given lighting situation
Disadvantages of infrared/ LASER reflection:
- DPI systems are intrusive
- Natural sunlight interferes with the use of outdoor PCCR and DPI trackers
- Limited range (about 1m)
- If several cameras are used to generate 3D information, the working space is additionally reduced
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical recording – 3D Tracking
3. 3D Tracking
Measurement of the absolute head position in 3D space
� Predominant technological approaches when using separate tracking systems:o Inertial measuring systems: determine position and angle
changes by integrating the acquired accelerations. The
Shutter glasses
(Volfoni ) which
enables stereoscopic
vision, combined
with an eye tracker
system of SMI and
an external optical
tracking system of
A.R.T.
Image: itersnews, 2018
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 23
changes by integrating the acquired accelerations. The incorporation of additional sensors (for example magnetic field sensors) gives the designation nine-degree of inertial measuring system (9DOF-IMU). 9DOF IMUs are cost effective, enable fast measurements, but do not handle absolute tracking.
o Optical tracking: Infrared cameras detect active (IR LEDs) or passive (IR reflectors) IR light spots arranged in a specific spatial structure. The computer can calculate the position and orientation of the observed object from the pattern of the IR light spots, which is detected by at least two cameras.
Head Mounted
Display (HMD)
"Vive" with
assigned tracking
cameras (black
cubes) and input
devices/ controller
Image: HTC
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical recording – 3D Tracking
� Using 3D depth cameras
oCamera systems that - unlike normal analog or digital cameras that display grayscale or color values of objects - allow the representation of distances of an entire scene.
o 3D camera and outside-in-tracking: regarding the
Microsoft Kinect
system with
explanation of the
integrated sensors
Image: Microsoft
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 24
o 3D camera and outside-in-tracking: regarding the outside-in-tracking, the tracker (here: the 3D camera) is located in the reference, i.e. in the fixed spatial environment, and "looks" at the moving, tracked object (such as a flystick or the user's head)
Image: Microsoft
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical recording – 3D Tracking
Measurement of head geometry
3D cameras can generate a 3D image of their environment. Eyeware uses this approach to create a user-specific 3D model of the head. Thereby the precise head geometry is known.
Eyeware 3D head
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 25
Measurement of the position of the eyes
Using a laser, an eye tracker scans circularly over the iris, which reproduces the torsion rotation of the iris by comparing the striation on successive recordings. These trackers can thus determine the 3D position of the eye in the head coordinate system. Commercial tracking systems currently do not use this technology.
Eyeware 3D head
model
Image: Eyeware
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Optical recording – 3D Tracking
Advantages of 3D Tracking
+ Separate tracking systems can achieve long ranges (10-20m) and, when connected in parallel, a large working space (e.g. 10m x 50m)
+ 3D cameras are inexpensive
+ 3D cameras are not intrusive
+ 3D cameras provide 3D head position and orientation information
Measurement Methods
24.09.2018 26
+ 3D cameras provide 3D head position and orientation information
+ 3D cameras can create a 3D image of the head � more precise localization of the eyes
Disadvantages of 3D Tracking
− The LASER detection according to Irie is intrusive and costly
− Separate tracking systems are usually costly. 9DOF IMUs are inexpensive, but can not be used as a stand-alone system, as they do not allow absolute tracking.
− Separate tracking systems are almost always intrusive. Markerless motion capturing tracks primarily the trunk, arms, hands, legs and feet. The accuracy of the detection of the head would be insufficient to derive a viewing direction.
.
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Market analysis
3. Construction types
4. Measurement methods
5. Application fields
Application Fields
24.09.2018 27
5. Application fields
� Usability
� Market research
� Film
� Psychology
� Ergonomics
6. Summary
� Medicine
� Educational sciences
� Security
� Virtual Reality
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Usability
� Used by User Experience (UX) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) researchers
� Exploring usability in human-computer interactions �Explaining human behavior based on objective data
� Use in the field of software ergonomics: usability tests
Examination of
the usability of a
railway station
display
Image: Kuerzel, E., 2018
Application Fields
24.09.2018 28
� Use in the field of software ergonomics: usability tests analyze the perception of test persons during the execution of tasks with software or on a website
� Use in the ergonomic, UX and HCI-compliant design of all machine operations (e.g. kiosk systems) and cockpit systems of any vehicle (e.g. cars)
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Market research
� A method to objectively measure the attention of consumers and their spontaneous reaction to advertising messages � effective design of communication
� Research aspects include the design of sales packaging, retail stores, point-of-sale promotions,
Market research
with eye tracking:
supermarket test
Image: Kuerzel, E., 2018
Application Fields
24.09.2018 29
packaging, retail stores, point-of-sale promotions, websites, newspapers and magazines and product design
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Film
� Motion control of the extremities (also gestures) of virtual avatars in animated films by actors using Motion Capturing
� The technique is also used for capturing facial expressions
� Meanwhile, the capturing repertoire includes eye
Pascal Langdale as Caleb Smith in Faster
than Night photo by Vanessa Shaver, 3D
model by Dionisios Mousses/SIRT Centre
Image: Gilroy, H., 2018
Application Fields
24.09.2018 30
� Meanwhile, the capturing repertoire includes eye tracking
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Psychology
� Applications in psychology and neuroscience to understand how and why eye movements arise and how we visually capture information
� Examination aspects are image and movement perception
Eye tracking/
cognitive
neuroscience
Image: Crane, H.D., 1978
Application Fields
24.09.2018 31
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Ergonomics
� Eye tracking is used in ergonomics in order to evaluate performance, compare novices with experts, develop effective training protocols and cognitive strategies
� The same applies to the ergonomic, intuitive and efficient design of work systems in terms of
Image: Usability.gov
Heat Maps
represent where
and how long
the attention is
directed
Image: Usability.gov
Application Fields
24.09.2018 32
efficient design of work systems in terms of usability
Image: TU
Chemnitz
Image: TU
Chemnitz
Eye tracking
examinations in
a usability lab
Image: Usability.gov
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Medicine
� Eye lasers: eye tracking measures the movements of the eye and adjusts the laser. Possibly the laser will be switched off until the eye has regained the desired position.
� Increasing importance in psychiatry (more reliable and earlier diagnoses, such as autism, ADHD)
High speed
tracking
Image: Irie, K., 2002
Application Fields
24.09.2018 33
and earlier diagnoses, such as autism, ADHD)
� In competitive sports, there is great interest in finding out how to train sport-specific eye movement strategies
� Optimization/ support of the work of a doctor: checking the concentration (on the right place), control of functions with the eyes
Image: Irie, K., 2002
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Educational sciences
� Eye tracking is used in educational science to study learning processes
� In addition, classrooms and laboratories are equipped with this technology in order to educate the next generation in the use of eye tracking in a wide variety of areas
Tobii Pro eye
tracking
reveals
student
attention in
classroom
Image:
tobiipro.com
Application Fields
24.09.2018 34
wide variety of areas
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Security
� Driving assistance systems
o By using eye tracking technologies, the driver's condition can be monitored and supported based on the opening degree of the eye, the head posture, including movements, and the rate of blinks
Application Fields
24.09.2018 35
o Thereby microsleep, inattention and loss of control can be prevented
� Smart home, device and data security, publicevents � capturing persons, behavioral patterns
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Virtual Reality
� HMD integrated eye tracking was immediately an issue with the advent of low-cost HMDs
� Autostereoscopic display systems based on parallax barrier technology are aligned with the viewer's position relative to the display. Therefore the position of the viewer´s eyes must be known.
Arrington
Research
Eyeframe
Image: mellottsvrpage.com
Application Fields
24.09.2018 36
the position of the viewer´s eyes must be known.
� Development of the technology "FoveatedRendering": The main burden of the GPU is to be concentrated on the areas of a 3D scene that the user focuses on; whereas marginal areas should be allocated less GPU capacity � prerequisite: eye tracking
� Main areas of application: usability, design studies, market research
SMI for
Oculus Rift at
Carrefour
FOVE:
HMD with
integrated eye
tracking
Image: FOVE
Image: FH Kufstein
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Structure
1. Introduction
2. Market analysis
3. Construction types
4. Measurement methods
5. Application fields
Summary
24.09.2018 37
5. Application fields
6. Summary
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Summary
Application fields
• Usability
• Market research
Eye tracking-Measurement
methods
• Eye attached tracking
• Electric potential
Eye tracking-Construction types
• Tower-Mounted Eye Tracking
Summary
24.09.2018 38
• Market research
• Film
• Psychology
• Ergonomics
• Medicine
• Educational sciences
• Security
• Virtual Reality
• Electric potential measurement
• Optical methods
• Oculography
• Infrared or LASER reflection
• 3D tracking
Tracking
• Remote Eye Tracking
• Mobile systems
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Summary
� There is a variety of different types and methods of eye trackers today. These are very different in terms of usage context, measurement, precision and price.
� The contact lens method and the electrical potential measurement no longer have any practical significance on the market today. DPI trackers are of very close medical importance.
� Today, eye tracking is done using optical techniques: oculography and pupil
Summary
24.09.2018 39
� Today, eye tracking is done using optical techniques: oculography and pupil center-cornea-reflection (PCCR) are the dominating procedures. The use of 3D cameras is not yet a product on the market.
� For HCI examinations, external systems are often used because they are not intrusive and the workspace with the interaction space in front of the machine interface is restricted anyway.
� High-precision, space-stable installation systems, such as for retina detection, are used primarily in medical applications.
� There is not the "best" eye tracking system (dependency on the application).
Market Analysis MissionMeasurement Methods
Application FieldsConstruction Types SummaryIntroduction
Sources
� Bergstrom, Jennifer Romano; Schal, Andrew:
Eye Tracking in User Experience Design.
Morgan Kaufmann, 2014, ISBN 978-0-12-
416709-4.
� Crane, H.D.; Stelle, C.M.: Generation-V dual-
Purkinje-image eyetracker. Applied Optics,
17(5), 1978, S. 527-537
� Duchowski, Andrew T.: Eye Tracking
Methodology. Theory and Practice. Third
Edition. Spring-er-Verlag, London, 2017
Online unter: http://itersnews.com/?p=24045;
abgerufen am 31.3.2018
� Kuerzel, Eric: How Eye Tracking is Driving the
Next Generation of AR and VR; online unter:
https://vrscout.com/news/eye-tracking-driving-
next-generation-ar-vr/; abgerufen am
31.3.2018
� Lobe, Adrian: Schau mir in die Augen, Kunde.
In: TagesWoche am 31.01.2015; online unter
https://tageswoche.ch/allgemein/schau-mir-in-
die-augen-kunde/; abgerufen am 31.3.2018
� Irie, K.; et al.: LASER-based eye-tracking
system. Behavior Research Methods, 34(4),
2002, S. 561-572
24.09.2018 40
� Eye Tracking Market 2018 Leading Growth
Drivers, Emerging Audience, Segments, Sales,
Prof-its & Analysis [aus:
http://www.crossroadstoday.com/story/37763
460/eye-tracking-market-2018-leading-
growth-drivers-emerging-audience-segments-
sales-profits-analysis]
� Gilroy, H.: Facial Capture. Online unter:
https://praxistheatre.com/author/fasterthannig
ht/ page/2/; abgerufen am 31.3.2018
� Holmqvist, K.; Andersson, R.: Eye Tracking. A
comprehensive guide to methods, paradigms,
and measures. Second edition. Lund Eye
Tracking Research Institute AB, Lund, 2017
� itersnews: Displays. 3D eye tracking smart
glass gives immersive 3D gaming experience.
die-augen-kunde/; abgerufen am 31.3.2018
� abgerufen am 31.3.2018
� tobii: Was ist Ihr Anwendungsfeld?; online
unter:
https://www.tobiipro.com/de/anwendungsfeld
er/ ; abgerufen am 31.3.2018
� tobii: Year-End Report January – December
2017; online unter:
https://www.tobii.com/group/
investors/calendar/year-end-report-q4-2017/;
abgerufen am 31.3.2018
� Nielsen, Jakob; Pernice, Kara: Eyetracking
Web Usability. New Riders Publishing,
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VDC and Visual Sweden members regarding this topic
24.09.2018 41
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