World War II Erupts Chapter 16 Notes Objectives: How did the aftermath of World War I contribute to...

World War II Erupts

Chapter 16 Notes

Objectives:• How did the aftermath of World War I

contribute to political problems in Europe?

• How did the problems facing Europe in the postwar years lead to the rise of totalitarian leaders?

• What events exemplify the growing use of military force by totalitarian regimes in the 1930s?

• What alarming actions did Adolf Hitler take in the mid-1930s?

Problems in Europe after WWI

• Millions dead• Farms & cities ruined• Economy in ruins

Problems in Europe after WWI

• Problems w/ Treaty of Versailles – France --too easy– Italy—ignored– Germany—loses land, pay

reparations, weak gov’t.

Europe after World War I

Problems in Europe after WWI

• Problems w/ the League of Nations – No military power

Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia

• Italy, 1922– Benito Mussolini – National Fascist Party

• Glorified state; no individual rights

– Violence against Comm. & Soc.

Italy

• 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia• Ethiopians request help from

League of Nations & world—denied

Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia

• Spain, 1930s– Francisco

Franco– Fascist – General during

the Spanish Civil War, emerges leader

Spanish Civil WarNationalists

• Monarchy & monarchists

• Catholics & Catholic Church

Popular Front• Anarchists• Basques• Catalans• Communists• Republicans• Socialists

Spanish Civil War

Guernica by Pablo Picasso

Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia

• Soviet Union– Joseph Stalin– Communist– Seized power at

Lenin’s death – Eliminated all

opposition (purges & gulags)

Soviet Union

• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact– Hitler agrees not to invade SU– SU will stay out of war– Divide Poland b/w them

Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact

Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia

• Japan– Hideki Tojo (main

military leader; takes full control in 1940)

– Nationalist/Military gov’t.

Japan• 1934—violates Washington Naval

Conference & builds up navy

Japan• 1936—signs anticommunist pact

w/ Germany

Japan

• 1937--Invades Manchuria & northern China to gain resources

Japan

• 1941—invades French Indochina – Interferes w/ American interests– Won’t negotiate w/ FDR

Germany• Germany,

– Adolf Hitler– National

Socialist Party (Nazis)

– Failed attempt to seize power in 1922-23• Prison • wrote Mien

Kampf

Germany

– 1933—became chancellor (elected position)• Gradually seized power & built up

military

Germany• First concentration

camps built, 1933• Goering founds

GESTAPO, 1933• the SS (Schutzstaffel)

is formed, 1934• Hitler becomes Der

Fuherer, 1934

Hermann Goering

CONCENTRATION CAMPS

• 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe• prisoners used for forced labor• prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2

year• communists, homosexuals, criminals,

social-democrats, artists.• First camp was opened in 1933, right

after Nazis came to power

Germany• Nuremberg Laws, 1935

M arry o r h av e sexw ith A rya ns

h ire A rya n w o m ena s m a ids

h a ve r ig h ts o fc i t izen sh ip

Je w s a re no t a llow e d to :

Objectives: • How did Germany’s actions in 1939

trigger the start of World War II?

• Where did German forces turn after overrunning Poland in 1939?

• What developments increased tensions between the United States and Japan in East Asia?

Germany• Heinreich Himmler

appointed chief of German police, 1936

• 1936—Hitler places troops in the Rhineland (area that borders France & Germany)– GB & Fr do nothing

to stop this

Germany

Germany• 1938—Anschluss—Hitler attempts

to unite Germans in Germany & Austria– Austrian gov’t objects– Hitler forces his way into Austria– GB & Fr do nothing to stop this

Germany

• 1938--Hitler wants control of the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia)– Encourages Germans in

Sudetenland to protest Czech. Gov’t.

– Munich Agreement--N. Chamberlain & other Allies allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland (appeasement)• Churchill is against appeasement

Munich Agreement

• Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. –British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain

Germany

• Kristallnacht (night of broken glass), 1939

Germany

• MS St. Louis turned away from US

Germany

• 1939—Hitler annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia (appeasement fails)– Signs pact w/ Italy– Signs pact w/

Soviet Union

Germany & Italy form alliance

Germany• 1939--Hitler invades Poland

– Blitzkrieg – German Jews sent to Poland, ghettos

established– Allies (GB & Fr) declare war on

Germany• Wait for Hitler to attack through the

Maginot Line• Hitler attacks through the Ardennes

Forrest

German troops in Warsaw, Poland

Germany• 1940—Hitler invades Denmark &

Norway– Gives Germany more access to

Atlantic Ocean

Germany• 1940—forms an alliance w/ Italy &

Japan– Tripartite Pact– Axis Powers

Germany

• 1940--Hitler invades Belgium

Germany• Hitler also

invades France– Attacks through

Ardennes Forrest– France surrenders

to Germany & Italy, June 1940 Maginot Line

Germany

• British troops evacuate Dunkirk, France, June 1940

• Vichy France—unconquered area of France

The French Resistance

Gen. Charles DeGualle

Objectives:• Why was a commitment to

isolationism so widespread in the 1930s?

• How did Roosevelt balance American isolationism with the need to intervene in the war?

• What did the United States do to prepare for war in 1940 and 1941?

• What were the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?

US Isolationism

• Amer. questioned reasons & cost of WWI

• Anti- League of Nations feelings • 1935—Neutrality Act

– Prohibits sale of arms & loans to warring countries

America First Committee

US Intervention• Individual Amer. participate in

Spanish Civil War: American Lincoln Brigade

• FDR ends trade w/ Italy following invasion of Ethiopia

• FDR gives “Quarantine Speech”

US Intervention

• US builds up navy• “Cash & Carry” policy• FDR urges “All aid short of war”

US Intervention• Lend Lease

Act• Atlantic

Charter– Agreement

b/w FDR & Churchill

– Against Hitler

Lend-Lease Act

• Great Britain............$31 billionSoviet Union.............$11 billionFrance.....................$3 billionChina....................$1.5 billionOther European........$500 millionSouth America.........$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Japanese attack Pearl Harbor

• US conflict w/ Japan over Indochina

• US ends trade w/ Japan & freezes assets in US

• US allies w/ Brit. & Fr.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Kamikaze Pilots

Japanese attack Pearl Harbor

• Attack lasted 2 hrs• 8 battleships damaged; 4 sunk• 200 aircraft destroyed• 2,400 Americans killed

Pearl Harbor Memorial

Objectives:• How did the U.S. armed forces

mobilize to fight World War II?

• What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight World War II?

• How did mobilization challenge the nation’s ideals of freedom?

FDR signs a declaration of war after attacks on Pearl Harbor

America Mobilizes for War

• Gen. George C. Marshall leads effort – Mobilization ends the Depression

America Mobilizes for War

– Factories turn to wartime production• Gov’t. regulated production

– National War Labor Board– Smith Connally Act

• Opportunities for women:– Factory jobs

• Rosie the Riveter– WAVES (Navy)– WACS (Army)– WASPS (Air Force)– Red Cross Nurses

Rosie the Riveter

This is my grandmother’s Nurse’s Aid class. Can you pick out which lady she is?

My grandparents (Paul & Bette Bratten)

America Mobilizes for War

• New military bases• Mass production of ships

– Henry Kaiser• Draft reinstated; many

volunteers

America Mobilizes for War• Manhattan

Project– Atomic bomb– J. Robert

Oppenheimer & Gen. Leslie Groves

Oak Ridge, TN

• City did not exist until 1942• Site chosen b/c of rural location,

proximity to hydroelectric power, water sources, railroad lines & private nature of Appalachians

• 4 factories built

Y-12 Plant

Graphite Reactor

Minorities

• Afr. Amer. served in segregated units

• More jobs for minorities all around

• Bracero program brought Hispanics to work in US– Zoot suit riots