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Making earth little softer
Earthsoft Foundation of GuidanceEdge-Aggressive-Reliable-Trust-Honesty-Soft-Obedient-Fun-Transparent
Making earth little softer
Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance (EFG) has uploaded following presentations at http://myefg.in/downloads.aspxBe mentor using your education, knowledge & experience to contribute for a social cause & do conduct free training seeking help of existing platforms. Kindly share with your friends•Motivation for higher study, Planning for study, Education guidance, Career guidance, Career available after SSC & HSC•Personality development – 3 files •How to prepare resume, Tips to attend interview successfully•Religion related –To understand basic religion, Do & Don’t tips•Health related - Be vegetarian, Be healthy, Manage health•Corporate - Project management, Assertiveness, Ownership, Effective communication, Leadership, Be entrepreneur•Finance - To avoid speculation in stock market•Social - Women empowerment, Choosing life partner, conflict resolution, stop ragging, stop alcohol, snakebite treatment
About us
Making earth little softer
• Water cycle• What is pollution• Form of Pollution• Types of Pollution• Causes• Effect• Prevention• Ground water• Water quality• Diseases• Solutions
Index
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Universal solvent
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Cycle
It spreads pollutants introduced by human activity all around the planet.
The Earth’s water cycle is continuous
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Cycle
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Sources of Water pollution
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State of waterNatural Water has,• Physical attributes (Temperature, Smell, Colour)• Chemical attributes – pH, DO, ions • Biological attributes – microorganisms Organisms & users will adapt to water with
physical, chemical and biological attributes• Salty sea • Fresh WaterWater Pollution• Alteration of the water features/attributes are
detriment to its inhabitants and users
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Pollution
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What is Pollution?• Pollution is the contamination of harmful
substances into natural environment say air or water causing harm to nature
• Pollution is anything which harms the environment in any way.
• Pollution causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.
• It makes those unfit for usage
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Causes• Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be
foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring.
• When naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels.
• These can be chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light.
• Pollution is caused by man’s growth and improper disposal of waste materials generated
• Industrialisation has had a great impact on the type and volume of pollutants released.
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Harmful Water Pollution• One thing that can be especially & most harmful
to the Earth, animals, plant life and human beings is water pollution.
• Water Quality - The degree of pollution from view of organisms living in or using the water
• If a water source becomes contaminated, it can devastate entire ecosystems.
• Becoming more educated on water pollution facts can help prevent this destruction.
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Types of Pollution• Air Pollution• Water Pollution• Soil Pollution• Noise Pollution
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AIRWATER EARTH
Types of Pollution
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Types of Pollution
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Air Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Pollution and Society• Pollution in our world effects two essential
aspects of our planet: air and water. • Air pollution is emitted though the exhaust of
motor vehicles, chimney, combustion of fossil fuels, etc
• Water pollution is the result of industrial waste and environmental accidents.
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Pollution and Society• Pollution is harmful and a serious problem for
Earth but generally people don’t care. • Everyone needs to contribute to prevention and
pay attention to government control norms• Industry contributes a good share of the waste
polluting our planet• Government to define norms, regulate toxins, build
waste systems, to protect air and waters
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Water Pollution
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Introduction• Comprising over 70% of the Earths surface,
water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet; since only 2.6% water is usable
• Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent.
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Water Pollution1. Industrial pollution2. Surface pollution3. Groundwater contamination4. Sewage pollution5. Oil pollution6. Thermal pollution
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Water Stress
Every item needs water for production
Domestic bathing, flushing, washing, cooking, drinking…
Agriculture People require food to eat
Industry Increase demand for goods
Increase in Population
Power water evaporation from reservoirs of large hydro power projects
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Pollution types• Thermal Pollution (Heated factory water or
cooler water from another basin)• Warmer …less dissolved Oxygen• Cooler …more dissolved Oxygen
• Suspended solids (Silts, Clay, living organisms, dead organic Matter).
• Dissolved solids (chemicals)• Acid rain water (Nox and sox) Leaching effects• Trace elements (Heavy Metals)
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Water Pollution• "Water pollution" is defined as the addition of
harmful or objectionable material causing an alteration of water quality i.e. physical, chemical and biological property of water
• It affects plants, organisms & users• It is damaging to individual species, populations
and nature biological communities.• Water pollution are natural and man made.• It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly
or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful constituents
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Water Pollution•Uncontaminated water does not occur in nature
•Less serious → Natural-N2, Co2, H2S ←Rain fall
•Serious → Sewage, Industrial waste, Agricultural waste, radioactive sub. ← Urbanization & industrialization
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Water Pollution• Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater.
• Contamination of water resources by harmful substances. Also affects drinking water
• Point source- derived from discrete location ( pipe or drain) and non-point source- no single point of origin, contaminants are spread over a larger area. ( leaching of fertilizer)
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Water PollutionWater pollution is divided into: • Natural, derived from impurities contained in the
surface waters and groundwater’s Artificial associated with human activity:a) biological, due to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, protozoa and their toxinsb) chemical, refer to changes in chemical composition and pH.
• E.g. oil, petrol, grease, oil, detergents, fertilizers, pesticides,aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metal salts, strong acids, alkalis, phenols and cresols.
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Water pollution
Run off from agricultural fields
Air pollutants dissolve in
rainwater
Untreated Industrial wastes
Tourism and religion
Soaps, Detergent, Chemical
PesticidesFertilizers
ChemicalsSMOKE
SMOKE from exhaust
Sewage Industrial waste
Acid Water
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Natural impurities• Natural impurities derived from the atmosphere,
catchment area and soil but in such a low concentration that they do not pollute the water normally.
• Rather their presence is some time essential for maintaining the portability and other useful property of water.
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Effect• All water pollution affects organisms and plants
that live in these water bodies and in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations but also to the natural biological communities.
• The effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
• It affects plants animals and organisms living in water bodies
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Industrial Water Pollution • Industries discharge a variety of pollutants in
their wastewater including heavy metals , resin pellets, organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids.
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Industrial wasteIndustrial waste has severe detrimental effects on water quality
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Water Pollution• It is chemical, physical or biological change in
the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives in it
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Ground Water PollutionPollution of aquifers• Non-point and Point sources• Pollutants slow to break down in cold & dark
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Water PollutionInorganic plant nutrients
(fertilizers)• From agriculture, lawns &
gardens• Eutrophication
• Natural process• Accelerated by excess
nutrient input• Algae die, sink, become
oxygen-demanding waste
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Water PollutionIn streams, rivers• Higher flow rate, dilution effect• Turbulent
• Well mixed• Well oxygenated
• Long riverbanks, contact with land• Subject to non-point source pollutants
• Often flow near cities
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Water PollutionIn lakes, reservoirs• Low flow rate, long residence time• Deep, stratification• Pollutants can accumulate, concentrate
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Water Pollution• Water pollution is the pollution in the water and
that can cause many problems and diseases to humans and animals.
• Water pollution is a very harmful pollution.
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Water PollutionPollutants discharged
• Directly• From land
• Poisonous
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Water Pollution• It is a large set of adverse effects upon water
bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities
• Irrigation• Clear cutting of forests• Watershed disturbance• Loss of minerals through runoff• Desertification
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Water Pollution• Harmful or objectionable material in sufficient quantity
in water to measurably degrade water quality
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Water PollutionNon-point and Point sources
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Polluted River
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Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Agricultural runoffsThe stuff not dissolved / suspends is bad for us
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Open well
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Water Pollution
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Polluted water
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Water Pollution
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PURE WATER!! Do we have
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Dumping of solid wastes
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Pumping of sludge
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Industrial effluents
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Human interaction
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Sand mining
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Sand mining
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More food required to feed the growing millions'
Increase in Population
Converting forests into croplands
Fewer Forests
Water Pollution
Fertilizers and pesticides
Chain
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Topsoil washed out into freshwater sources & reduced recharge of water into the ground
Fewer Forests
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Fertilizers and pesticides easily dissolve in water. They enter surface water sources through rainwater and irrigation runoff and also percolate into the ground to contaminate groundwater sources.
World agricultural area under irrigation
Global fertilizer consumption
Agriculture
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Overgrazing – soil washed out into freshwater sources
Animal bathing in freshwater sourcesAnimal faeces pollutes water and soil
Water pollution caused by food processing industries
Increased demand for animal products
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Clothes we wear – dyes and bleachesPaper, paper, paper everywhere
Leather bags and shoesBatteries
Metal platingPaints
PlasticsPharmaceuticals
Let’s look around us …..Increase demand
for goods
Increase in Population
More Industrialisation
All these industries are highly water polluting
Increased industrialization
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The Damodar river travels through 6 coal fields, 183 coal mines, 28 iron ore mines, 33 limestone mines, 5 copper ore mines, 84 mica mines and Numerous graphite, silver and uranium extracting units.
‘ Water in this river is polluted beyond repair ’
Mining is a highly polluting industryIncreased mining
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Lifestyle changes
Use and throw culture
Higher aspirations
Change in packaging
Disregard for natural resources
Inadequate waste management systems
Solid waste generation
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• Waste dumped in surface water bodies
• Waste dumped in open landfills – toxic materials leach into soil and groundwater
• Waste burnt – air pollutants dissolve in rainwater and pollute surface water sources or seep into ground water aquifers
Solid waste generation
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• Lakes, tanks and ponds being destroyed. Land filled for construction purposes.
• Unsustainable extraction of groundwater in urban areas, affecting groundwater quality.
• Receive sewage that cannot be handled by sewage treatment plants.
• Disposal of solid and liquid wastes above or into groundwater aquifers.
Additional water stress
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• Hotels• Laundry – detergents, bleach, hot water• Landscaping – fertilizers, pesticides• Cleaning and washing• Waste generation• Kitchen• Travelers• Sanitation • Bathing in rivers• Waste generation (use and throw)
Most tourism is close to water sources and areas of rich biodiversity
Tourism & water pollution
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Bathing in holy rivers More than10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily! During the annual Kumbh Mela, more than a million people take a dip in Allahabad alone!
Dead bodies
Prayer materials
Idol immersionPaints contain many
heavy metals
Religion & water pollution
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Not just Fresh Water, We are polluting our Oceans too
Ocean & water pollution
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Ocean pollution
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Ocean pollution
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Ocean pollution
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Water Pollution: Many Forms• Synthetic Organic Compounds• Organic chemicals• Inorganic chemicals & Mineral Substances such
as Acids, Inorganic plant nutrients, etc.• Oxygen-demanding wastes• Plant Nutrients• Thermal Discharges• Pathogens, parasites• Sediments• Radioactive material• Heat (thermal pollution)• Usually from sewage, feedlots, slaughterhouses
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Water PollutionViruses - Bacteria (cholera, ...)
• Coliform bacteria usually not pathogenic,• Used as indicators of pollution
• Protozoan parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)• Oxygen-demanding wastes• Organic materials from sewage, slaughterhouses,
etc.• Decomposed by bacteria
• Bacteria require, consume dissolved oxygen• “Biological Oxygen Demand” (BOD)
• Measure of water quality• Low in pristine water
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Water PollutionInorganic chemicals• Mostly from industry• Heavy metals
• Lead, arsenic, mercury, copper ions, etc.• Ammonia• Acids
• Sulfuric acid, nitric acid from acid deposition• Also from industry
• Bases (caustic alkalines)
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Water PollutionInorganic plant nutrients (fertilizers)• From agriculture, lawns & gardens
• Leaching into groundwater• Run-off into surface waters
• Stimulate growth of algae (algal blooms), eutrophication• Algae die, sink, become oxygen-demanding
waste
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Water PollutionOrganic chemicals• from industry, restaurants, cars, households,
farms• Gasoline, oil• Engine coolant (ethylene glycol)• Solvents• Detergents• Pesticides
• insecticides, herbicides, fungicides• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
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Water PollutionSediments• Erosion from construction sites, streets & roads,
farms, sewage• Dense sediments sink, accumulate
• Sedimentation in reservoirs• Less dense sediments may stay in water
• Reduce clarity (increase turbidity)• Reduce light penetration & photosynthesis
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Water PollutionRadioactive material• From spills, waste from atomic weapons
production• Hanford, Washington• Savannah River Plant, South Carolina
• From nuclear power plants (minor)• Closely regulatedHeat (“thermal pollution”)• Heated water from cooling of electrical
generating equipment• Alters ecosystem of river, lake
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Water Pollution
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Manmade pollutants of water• Pesticides and biocides.• Radioactive substances from nuclear weapon
test.• Domestic sewage (bathing, washing, cooking)
water waste.• Plastics.• Industrial waste (toxic agents ranging from metal
salts to complex synthetic organic chemicals).• Thermal pollution.• Agricultural pollutants (fertilizers, pesticides).• Physical pollutants (thermal pollution, radioactive
substances).
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Natural impurities of water• Dissolved gases (nitrogen,CO2, H2S etc. which
may be picked up during rainfall)• Dissolved minerals like: Salts of Calcium,
Magnesium, Sodium etc. from the soil of catchment areas.
• Suspended impurities (Clay, silt, sand and mud).• Microrganisms – mainly the enteric bacteria,
viruses etc.
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Causes & effect• When harmful components are added to
water sources such as Chemicals , fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides etc.
Causes:-• Untreated water from factories , Excessive use
of fertilizers and insecticides, Sewage disposal, Oil leakage etc.
Effects:-• Diseases, unfit drinking water, aquatic plants
and animals also die due to polluted water.
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Effect• It effects on the Health of man and animals• About four million children die yearly in India• Biological water-borne disease (cholera,
dysentery, gastro enteritis, diarrhea, jaundice, typhoid, hepatitis and guinea pig disease).
• Chemical borne diseases (heavy metal disease like minamata disease, bone softening disease)
• Increase concentration of floride cause damage to dental enamel.
• High nitrite content –cyanosis in infants.• High arsenic content in endemic areas cause
arsenic poisoning.
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Effect• Water is polluted by infectious bacteria,
inorganic, organic chemicals & excess heat.• Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or
physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms.
• The WHO estimates that 3.4 million people die prematurely each year from waterborne diseases.
• In the U.S., an estimated 1.5 million people a year become ill from infectious agents.
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Effects of polluted water• Improvement of water quality - Removal of
organic matter thru aerobic decomposition; chlorination to remove bacteria, suspended solids; precipitation of salts, desalination etc during water treatment is expensive for polluted water
• Increased salinization and salt runoff leading to salinization of major rivers
• Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to drinking water;
• Suspended particles cause unpleasant taste & discoloration to drinking water;
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Effects of polluted water• Hard water with usually high levels of calcium
and magnesium can cause a build-up of minerals in pipelines/boiler scales and cause erosion and blockage problems. Water softeners and conditioners can be used in the water to reduce limescale but can be expensive.
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Effects of polluted water• 1. Effects on Agriculture:-use of wastewater and
polluted surface and groundwater which contaminate crops and transmit disease to consumers and farm workers; Depositions of deleterious chemicals in soil leading to loss of soil fertility
• 2. Effects on Environment/ecosystems:-pungent smell, discolourisation; increased temps; contamination; change the pH; decreased oxygen; detergents that create a mass of white foam in the river waters
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Effects of polluted water• 3. Enrichment of groundwater with salts,
nutrients from irrigated lands; eutrophication / algal blooms - what is the effect on recreational activities, water treatment plants/water providers; loss of aesthetic value; Algae clogs our waterways
• 4. Domestic effects;-toxic substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromiumor cyanide, which may affect the use of the receiving water for domestic use or aquatic life.
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Effects of polluted water• 5. Effects on industry; boiler scales, Heavy
metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to drinking water; Suspended particles cause unpleasant taste & discoloration to drinking water
• 6. Economy• Unsightly color, reduced clarity, and obnoxious
odor of the receiving waters also make it unfit for recreation and other productive uses;
• Adverse effects of water pollution lead to economic losses in terms of reduced health, agricultural productivity, and low-quality tourism.
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Effects of polluted water• There is also economic losses to family income
due to the desire for safe bottled water which is more expensive than unbottled water.
• When water is polluted, fish and other aquatic resources can perish, which leads to a decline in fisheries production.
• Erosion from degraded uplands and pollution from silt and sedimentation, as well as untreated sewerage, cause productivity losses in fisheries. Silt and sedimentation are major causes for losses in fishery production.
• High levels of turbidity leads to economic losses
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Effects of polluted water• 7. Leisure • Swimming pool water can become contaminated
with a number of different pollutants and may cause changes in water colour and odour, some pollutants may also be harmful to human health.
• Discolouration of the swimming pool water could be due to a number of reasons. It may be dirty and cause the water to change a milky colour if the filter is inadequate or blocked.
• Algae contamination can also cause discolouration, black algae cause black spots to appear in the pool.
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Effects of polluted water• Other forms of algae contaminate pools when
chlorine levels are too low, these often turn the water a green colour.
• Chlorine is used in many swimming pools to keep them clean. There are detergents and some forms of make-up, that don’t mix well with chlorine. These can cause adverse effects to human health such as skin and throat irritations.
• Pond water can also become polluted with different chemicals or microbes. This can make the pond less attractive and can be harmful to aquatic life within the pond.
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Effects of polluted water• An overgrowth of algae and accumulation of leaf
debris are often the main problems with ponds in the home; UV filters are efficient at reducing algae levels in ponds and also remove decaying vegetation. These are useful for long term maintenance of your pond.
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Effects of polluted water• 8. Effects on human health;• Increased incidence of tumours, ulcers due to
nitrate pollution; skin disorders due to contact with pollutants; constipation, diarrhea, and infections to intestine; Dangerous effects on growing foetus in pregnant women; Concentration of pollutants due to bioaccumulative pesticides through secondary and tertiary food chains in case of non-vegeterians;
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Effects of polluted water• Still births, abortions, and birth of deformed
children; Blue baby disease caused by methaneglobinema-which results in asphyxia (reduced oxygen supply);
• Reduced activity of immune system; Loss of memory power and reduced mental sharpness; Water borne diseases like jaundice, hepatitis, gasteroenteritis, will be more prevalent due to water pollution; Reduced bone development and muscular development; Reduced male fertility; Shifts in physiological cycles of human body.
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Effects of polluted water• 9. Effects on animal health;• Large scale death of aquatic and terrestrial
animals; Reduced reproduction rate; Increased disease incidences; Imbalances created in secondary foodchains; Accumulation of bioaccumulative and nonbiodegraddable pollutants in animal bodies; Bioaccumulation eg of organochlorine pesticides; Biomagnification; Cause health hazards like impotence, cancerous tumours etc
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Types of water pollution
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Water pollutants come from?• Point Sources – A single definable source of the
pollution, Contaminants enter a waterway at a discrete point
• e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc. Point-source pollution is usually monitored and regulated.
• Non-point sources – No one single source, but a wide range of sources, e.g. runoff from urban areas, or farmland.
• Contamination gathered by water over a large area
• Non-point sources are much more difficult to monitor and control.
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Point and Nonpoint Sources
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Point and Nonpoint Sources
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
Point sources
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Sources of water pollution
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Sources of water pollution• The leading sources of water pollution are
agriculture, industries, and mining.
• Agricultural activities from erosion, overgrazing, fertilizers and pesticides, and excess salt from irrigated soils.
• Industrial facilities & mining are another large source of water pollution
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Sources of water pollution• Non-biodegradable waste• Insecticides, pesticides leaching into
groundwater• Oil spill• Hot water from industries• Untreated waste and nutrient accumulation• Toxic chemicals
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Sources of water pollution• Throwing trashes in water• Throwing low batteries in water, lakes, rivers,etc• The chemicals from factories that might flow to
rivers
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Point sources• Single large source• Can localize it to one spot• Industrial Plants• - Sewage pipes
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Point sources• LUST - Leaky Underground Storage Tanks
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Point sources• Clearing of land can lead to erosion of soil into
the river. • Sewage generated by industry can get into the
water supply, introducing large organic pollutants into the ecosystem.
• Factories, including oil refineries, pulp and paper mills, and chemical, electronics and automobile manufacturers, typically discharge one or more pollutants in their discharged waters (called effluents).
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Point sources• Point source pollution refers to contaminants
that enter a waterway through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch.
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Point sources• Various types of point-source pollutants found in
water are as varied as the types of business, industry, and urban sources that produce them.
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Point sources• Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the
temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers & being discharged at a source
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Point sources
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Point sources• Thermal pollution kills fish outright, block fish
migrations, grow the nuisance species, and create series of other problems as well.
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Non-point sources• Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to
diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source.
• NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amount of contaminants gathered from a large area
• Example:- The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical example
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Non-point sources• Agriculture, including commercial livestock and
poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater.
• These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers.
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Non-point sources• Diffuse source or many smaller point sources• Automobiles• Fertilizer on fields
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Non-point sources
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Non-point sources• Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow"
over an agricultural field or a forest
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Non-point sources
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Non-point sources• Contaminated storm water washed off of parking
lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff
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Non-point sources• The run offs due to rain, from places like parking
lots and garages may contain pollutants.• The pollutants in runoff can be quite harmful.
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Non-point sources• Mining operations can generate significant
amounts of non-point source pollution. • Abandoned mining operations can leach iron
and other chemicals such as copper, lead and mercury into nearby water bodies
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Non-point sources• Garbage dumps get washed away due to heavy
rains and floods and get stagnated in the nearby water bodies
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Ground water• 95% of all fresh water on earth is ground water.
Ground water is found in natural rock formations. These formations called aquifers, are vital natural resource with many uses.
• Ground water is one of the pure forms of water stored in the aquifers (space between rocks).
• Nationally 53% of the population relies on ground water as a source of drinking water. In rural areas this figure is even higher.
• Eighty one percent of community water is dependent on ground water.
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Ground water• Although the 1992 Section 305(b) State Water
Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nations ground water quality is good to excellent, many local areas have experienced significant ground water contamination
• Ground water pollution refers to the contamination of the ground water present in the aquifers.
• Some examples are leaking underground storage tanks and municipal landfills
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Ground water pollution• Experts rate groundwater pollution as a low-risk
ecological problem; however it is rated as a high-risk health problem
• The extent of groundwater contamination is generally unknown
• Prevention is the most effective and affordable way to protect groundwater from pollutants.
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Coal strip mine runoffPumping well
Waste lagoonAccidental spills
Groundwater flow
Confined aquiferDischarge
Leakage from faulty casing
Hazardous waste injection wellPesticides
Gasoline station
Buried gasoline and solvent tank
SewerCesspool septic tank
De-icing road salt
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Water pumping wellLandfill
• Low flow rates• Low oxygen
• Few bacteria• Cold temperatures
Ground water pollution
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Ground water pollution • >70,000 chemicals are used; effects of many
are not known• Each year additional 700-800 new chemicals
are produced• 55 million tons of hazardous chemical wastes
are produced in the US each year• The 20 most abundant compounds in
groundwater at industrial waste disposal sites include TCE, benzene, vinyl chloride…all are carcinogens, and also affect liver, brain, and nervous system
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Ground water pollution• Fertilizers and pesticides
applied to crops reach underlying aquifers, if the aquifer is shallow and not "protected" by an overlying layer clay, of low permeability material
• Drinking-water wells located close to cropland may contaminated by agricultural chemicals.
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Ground water pollution• Aquifers in industrialized areas are at significant
risk of being contaminated by chemicals and petroleum products.
• E.g. contamination of ground water by petroleum leaks while extraction and also due to leakage of chlorinated chemicals.
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Ground water pollution• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has recorded that there have been over 400,000 confirmed releases of petroleum-based fuels from leaking underground storage tanks.
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A special case: Groundwater• What forms of pollution can affect groundwater?• All of them except thermal pollution!• Renewal time of groundwater is important
• Rivers: 12-20 days• Soil Moisture: 280 days• Groundwater: 300 years
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Molgora WartapH sourcepH coursepH tapTemperature sourceTemperature courseTemperature tapWater hardness sourceWater hardness courseWater hardness tap
Properties
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Can you name things that dissolve in water?Know any 2 that can be called ‘pollutants’ –those dangerous to life?
Dissolution
• Arsenic• Nitrate• Fluoride• Heavy metal
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Is water polluted?
Sometimes it stinks……but not always
Sometimes polluted water changes colour…..but not always
Sometimes it tastes different ……..but not always
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Is water polluted?• Water pollution can be confirmed only by testing it in
a lab
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Water can get polluted naturally
When water seeps into the ground, it absorbs different substances depending on the type of soil and rock that it flows through.
Natural way
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Water can get polluted naturally
Some of these substances (arsenic, iron, fluoride etc) can be harmful to health
Natural pollution is a non-point source of pollution
Natural way
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Arsenic
Fluoride
Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that collect in our bodies. This can cause chronic
problems and even life – threatening diseases
In groundwater
In groundwater
Pollution way
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Does Man Pollute Water?
“ If you had a bottle of life-preserving fluid, would you
pour into it all in sewage along with other poisonous
chemicals? And yet, that is exactly what we are doing to
our water supply – all over the world.”
This is what a people have to say
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The various ways
Untreated municipal sewage
Yamuna, when it leaves Delhi, resembles a sewer full of the city’s wastes.
Downstream is Agra, where this ‘sewer’ is the main municipal drinking water source.
An example of Point source of pollution
The various ways in which man pollutes water
Making earth little softerReaches ground water bodies
Untreated sewage seeps in and contaminates groundwater aquifers, Such aquifers show a
higher than acceptable level of nitrate content
The various ways
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The various ways
When garbage is dumped in a landfill, toxic chemicals leach into the soil and groundwater.
Dumping garbage in surface water bodies
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The various waysOver 10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily!
Washing and bathing introduces detergent, phosphates and other chemicals into water
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The various ways
Agriculture is a major source of groundwater contamination.
Agriculture - An example of Non- Point
source of pollution
dissolve in irrigation water or rainwater. They contaminate surface water and groundwater with pollutants like nitrates, phosphates and non degradable synthetic organic pollutants
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The various ways• Wastes of Agro industries have high
concentration of dissolved organic matter
• E.g. Sugar, food processing• Waste of Chemical Industries are
not treated properly, the chemicals destroy soil and water resources
• E.g. Pulp and paper, distilleries• Water used in the process in
Petroleum refining needs to be separated from all the oil before releasing it into nature
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The various ways• Thermal power plants – water is needed to cool
the process.• The water gets hot and when it’s released into a
larger water body, it upsets the ecology by modifying the delicate temperature balance.
• This is called ‘Thermal pollution’
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Effluent treatment plants• Liquid wastes from an industry are treated in
effluent treatment plants.• Large industries would have in-house effluent
treatment plants• It’s expensive for small industries• A group of small industries have a common
effluent treatment plant.
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Eutrophication• When wastes with high organic content (such
as sewage wastes) are dumped into a water body like a lake or pond, eutrophication can occur, killing all life in the water body.
• Organic wastes are rich in nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)
• They stimulate excessive plant growth – especially weedy species
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Eutrophication• On dying, the plants add organic waste in water• Microorganisms decomposes organic material in
water, a lot of dissolved oxygen is used• This depletes the available oxygen in the water
and upsets ecological balance, since species like fish perish without adequate oxygen.
• Eventually all the oxygen is used up.
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Eutrophication
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Eutrophication
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Eutrophication• Anaerobic organisms then attack the organic
wastes, releasing gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide.
• The result is a foul smelling, waste filled body of water, quite like many of the lakes in India.
• These water bodies are also natural groundwater recharge system and their contamination leads to groundwater pollution
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Eutrophication• An increase in the concentration of nutrient
content to an extent that increases the primary productivity of the water body.
• It is the "bloom" or great increase of phytoplankton in a water body.
• Organic wastes such as sewage impose high oxygen demands on the receiving water leading to oxygen depletion.
• Increases in nutrient loading may lead to eutrophication
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Effects of eutrophication• Increased biomass of phytoplankton• Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species• Increases in blooms of gelatinous zooplankton• Decreased biomass of benthic and
epiphytic algae• Changes in macrophyte species composition
and biomass• Decreases in water transparency
(increased turbidity)
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Effects of Eutrophication• Dissolved oxygen depletion• Loss of desirable fish species• Reductions in harvestable fish and shellfish• Decreases in perceived aesthetic value of the
water body• Colour, smell, and water treatment problems
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Minamata disease
• Industrial wastewater from Chisso corporation (manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals) was released into the Minamata Bay in Japan
• The waste water was rich in methyl mercury• Mercury content in shellfish increased• People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the
leftovers
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Did you know? One mercury thermometer can contaminate up to 95,000 litres of water to beyond the drinking water standard.
Mercury
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Mercury• Strange things started to happen – cats had
convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky, dead fish floated..
• Young children had convulsions and difficulty in walking and speaking
• People died• Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning
affecting the nervous system• First discovered in 1956• Lawsuits and claims continue till today
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Critical elements of PollutionCauses of Water Pollution
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Activities that contribute• Overgrazing• Poor agricultural land management• Removal of riparian vegetation• Sewage, industrial, and domestic discharges• Construction, Mining• Release of gases and aerosols to the
atmosphere• Mismanagement of reservoirs• Accidental spills
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CausesMain Causes of Water Quality Degradation• Pollution due to Domestic Wastewaters:• Environmental problems are water supply,
wastewater generation and its collection, treatment and disposal.
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Causes• The causes of water pollution• Marine dumping• Dumping of litter in the sea can cause huge
problems. Litter items such as 6-pack ring packaging can get caught in marine animals and may result in death
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Causes• The substances that pollute water are called
water pollutants• Types of water pollutants:-• Sediments• Organic wastes• Organic compound• Inorganic nutrients• Inorganic chemicals
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Causes• Garbage• Oil spills• Harmful chemicals released by factories • Sewage water released in water bodies• Defection in open
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Causes• The sewers of the city• They contain large amounts of
human excrement and should be purified.
• Sludges can contain microorganisms that cause diseases (cholera, salmonellosis, etc.), and can be very dangerous for human.
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Causes• Agriculture• Pesticides used in agriculture remain on the
ground and plants, so when it rains the water enters in the ground and it becomes polluted.
• Then water reaches water-bearing stratums where nitrates and phosphates, which are in it because of fertilizers used in agriculture, are released and then they spread.
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Causes• Sewage is the term used for wastewater that
often contains urine and laundry waste.• Untreated sewage water in such areas can
contaminate the environment and cause diseases such as diarrhoea.
• Sewage is treated in water treatment plants and the waste is often disposed into the sea.
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Causes• Unfortunately, the everyday products we use,
such as household cleaning products, personal hygiene products and pharmaceutical medications are some of the most significant causes of water pollution. .
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Causes
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Causes
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Water Pollution & Cleanup
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A special case: Groundwater• What forms of pollution can affect groundwater?• All of them except thermal pollution!• Renewal time of groundwater is important• Rivers: 12-20 days• Soil Moisture: 280 days• Groundwater: 300 years
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Water Pollution - WasteGeneral causes:• Release of sewage• Industrial waste
Response• Sewage treatment plants• However, some substances are non-
biodegradable
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Forms of Pollution – Details• Inorganic – acids, salts, toxic metals• One gram of lead in 20,000 liters of water
makes it unfit for drinking. Lead is often found in the pipes of older homes
• - What is the safe drinking water limit for arsenic?
• - For lead? How much does UA water supply have?
• - How much does OU’s water have?
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Oxygen and Water• Biochemical Oxygen Demand – What does this
mean?• Anything in the water that bacteria can break
down. • Bacteria will use up oxygen in the water• Other aerobic organisms will dieWhat else can affect the amount of O2 in the
water?• Temperature• Speed of water flow• Roughness of surface • Over which water flows
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Succession in Aquatic Habitats
Lake
Sediments &Nutrients Accumulate
Oligotrophic Eutrophic Low in nutrients High in nutrients
Can sometimes see Methane gas bubbling up From sediments – process of decomposition
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Marine dumping• Cardboard – Takes 2 weeks to degrade.• Newspaper – 6 weeks• Photodegradable packaging – 6 weeks• Foam – 50 years• Styrofoam – 80 years• Aluminum – 200 years.• Plastic packaging –400 years• Glass – It takes so long to degrade that we don’t
know the exact time.
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Industrial waste• Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry
away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans.
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0500
10001500200025003000350040004500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Volu
me,
mld
Value of wastewater Generated from Different Industries in India (Total 10,215
mld)
Series11.Distilleries
2.Pulp& Paper
3.Fertilizer plants
4. Steel Industries
5.Sugar industries
6.Textiles (Cotton)
7.Engineering
8. Organic Chemicals
9. Others
Industrial waste
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Comparison of pollution load generation from domestic and industrial sources
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1 2 3
IndustrialDomestic
Wastewater Generation (mld)
BOD Generation ( t/ d)
BOD Reduction ( t / d )
Comparison
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Microbial contamination• Microbial contamination of water• Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water
supplies, while 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation. This has led to widespread microbial contamination of drinking water.
• Water-associated infectious diseases claim up to 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally.
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Drought• Drought causes more damage and suffering
than any other natural disaster.• 80 countries experience droughts lasting more
than 1 year.• According to the UN, almost 500 million people,
in 31 countries experience chronic water shortages today.
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Flooding: oversupply• Water Logged Soil• Nutrient Leakage• Topsoil Erosion
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Acid rain• Acid rain is formed when moisture in the clouds
mixes with sulfur or nitrogen in the air. • Acid rain includes rain, sleet or snow with a pH
level that falls below 5.6 (normal rainwater). • The sulfur and nitrogen get into the air by the
burning of fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline.• The average pH of rainfall is 4.3.
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Acid Rain
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Acid participation• When Air Pollution Becomes Water Pollution
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Acid Rain Effects• Acid preparation - When the pH drops below 6.0
species start to die off.• When a species dies, others dependent also die
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Acid Neutralization• How does this work?• Cation Exchange on clay minerals• Role of chemical weathering
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Mobilizing metals• How does acid kill the fish?One reason is mobilizing metals• When all base cations are striped from soils • Acid now reacts with metals e.g. aluminum • Normally aluminum is immobile• below pH 5 - mobile aluminum • Fish breath in the water • Aluminum comes out of solution• Clogs gills - suffocate
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River pollution• Asian rivers are the most polluted in the world. • Three times as many bacteria from human
waste as the global average• 20 times more lead than rivers in industrialized
countries.
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Mass fish killing
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Plastic waste in water• Each year, plastic waste in water and coastal
areas kills up to:• 100,000 marine mammals• 1 million sea birds, and • Countless fish
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Non-biodegradable waste• Covers surfaces or obstructs current pathways
preventing or poisoning organisms.• Clogs waterways restricting movement of
aquatic organisms
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Hot water• Derived from industrial sources where water is
used for cooling.• Can kill organisms due to high temperatures and
also change the abiotic conditions of habitat.• Solution - Cooling of water before release
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Freshwater Streams• Streams can recover from moderate levels of
degradable water pollutants if the flows are not reduced.
• A combination of dilution and biodegradation can allow recovery of stream pollution
• The breakdown of pollutants by bacteria creates an oxygen sag curve. Organisms that have a high oxygen demand can’t survive in the curve.
• Volume of the stream, volume of wastes entering, flow rate, temperature, and pH levels all affect how great a sag curve is produced.
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Oxygen Sag Curve
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Pollution of Rivers• Developed countries have reduced point source
pollution, but toxic chemicals and pollution from non-point sources are still problems.
• Stream pollution in most developing countries is a serious and growing problem. Half of the world’s 500 major rivers are heavily polluted which run through developing countries. Waste treatment is minimal or not existing
• For example: Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, little economic development, and a large population interact to cause severe pollution of the Ganges River in India.
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Pollution of Lakes
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Ocean pollution
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Cold water pollution• In many areas fish and other river organisms
are adapted to relatively warm water. • Building a dam results in very cold water release
downstream killing organisms and changing species
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Oil spill- Causes of Water Pollution
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Oil pollution• Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that
enters the ocean. The rest come from shipping travel, drains and dumping.
• A huge quantity of oil being spilt & is a severe problem
• Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This suffocates fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stopping them from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.
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Oil pollution• Most of the seas are polluted by oil, because its
water is renewed very slowly (80-100 years).• Some oil tankers wash their tanks with sea water• There are also a lot of accidents in sea. Million
tons of oil is discharged into the oceans. • The oil forms a thick, surface layer, called "black
tide", which prevents oxygenation of water and sunlight penetration.
• Organisms cannot live without oxygen & sunlight so damages to the environment are irreparable.
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Oil pollution• Often, people pour motor oil down the drain after
performing an oil change. This can certainly pollute local water supplies. Instead, make sure to recycle any motor oil you want to get rid of.
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Oil pollution• Both Point and Nonpoint Sources• Largest source is pipeline leaks and runoff• Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks• Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal
insulation and buoyancy, smothering• Significant economic impacts• Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and
blotters• Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and
dispersing agents
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Oil pollution• Oil Pollution Act of 1990• Only about 15% of an oil spill can now be
recovered• Crude oil—3 years• Refined oil– 10-20 years
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Forms of Pollution – Details• Organic: sewage, pesticides, plastics, etc.• One drop of oil can render up to 25 liters of
water unfit for drinking• One gram of 2,4 D can contaminate 10 million
liters of drinking water!• One gram of PCBs can make 1 billion liters of
water unsuitable for freshwater aquatic life!
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Pollutant forms: Oil• Both Point and Nonpoint Sources• Largest source of oil pollution is pipeline leaks
and runoff• 61% ocean oil pollution river & urban runoff• 30% intentional discharges from tankers• 5% accidental spills from tankers
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Oil Well Drilling & Groundwater
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Oil Drilling Protocols• Well must be cased from surface to below
freshwater zone• Casing must be for 150 feet above pay zone• Logging apparatus must be retrieved
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Oil Drilling Protocols• Drilling fluids must be disposed of properly –
e.g. no Midnight Haulers• Any spills must be reported and cleaned
immediately• Area will be subject to remediation efforts
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Protest Drilling
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Oil Spill Clean-up
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Oil pollution
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Ocean Pollution
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Coastal Water PollutionPrevention• Reduce input of toxic pollutants• Separate sewage and storm lines• Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by maritime
and cruise ships in coastal waters• Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous
dredged material• Protect sensitive areas from development, oil
drilling, and oil shipping• Regulate coastal development• Recycle used oil• Require double hulls for oil tankers
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Coastal Water PollutionCleanup• Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities• Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage
spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without creating harmful byproducts
• (still under development)• Require at least secondary treatment of coastal
sewage• Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other methods
to treat sewage
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Effect
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Effects
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Diseases due to water Pollution
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Health
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Diseases• If we drink polluted water, we can get sick
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80% of all illness in developing countries is caused by water related diseases.
90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged directly into rivers and streams without treatment.
Diseases
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Major water related diseasesType Diseases Cause Effects Prevention
1 Water borne(Disease causing vector carried in water)
CholeraTyphoidDiarrhoeaDysentery
Drinking contaminated water
Eating contaminated food
Dehydration Use clean water for drinking
Keep flies away from food & water
Avoid unprotected water sources
2 Water washedDue to lack of water or improper use
ScabiesEye infectionsDiarrhoea
Not washingLack of enough water for washing
Itchy lashesSore eyesBlindnessFever from lice diseases
Increase water availability for washing
Improve personal hygiene
3 Water Based(Vector lives in water)
Bilharzias Worms from the snails enter through the skin in infected water
Blood in stoolPain in stomach
Reduce contact with infected snails
Control snails
4 Insect vector related
MalariaRiver blindness
Mosquitoes bites
Semolina worm
FeverAchesBlindness
Removal potential larvae breeding sites
Use mosquito nettingIntroduce fish in ponds river water
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.Diseases• Diseases spread through water pollution• Diseases spread this way include: Cholera• typhoid fever• e-coli infections• PSA infections• diphtheria• enteric fever• dengue• Diseases also result from heavy metals
(mercury, lead, arsenic) and organic contamination (benzene, phenol, PCB) of the water
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Effects of water pollution• Because of polluted water the sea creatures die
and when the people who are non-vegetarian eat them they get diseases.
• When we drink the bad water or bath with it we get harmful diseases.
• Water pollution also affects the marine food chain.
• Extincsion of species
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Effects on health• High blood pressure• Sleep disturbance• Color blindness• Aquatic animalsEffect on human organs• Cancer • Kidney stone formation• Organ Failure • Nervous Damage • Tooth Decay
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Effects on health• Skin Irritation • Infection • Birth Defects and Fertility Problems (Male and
Female) • Susceptibility to H1N1 (Swine Flu)• Diseases caused by the ingestion of water
contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites include:
• cholera • typhoid • schistosomiasis • dysentery and other diarrheal diseases
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Disease from water pollution• Water-associated infectious diseases claim up
to 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally.
• The burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8 million deaths and the loss of greater than 75 million healthy life years.
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Disease from water pollution• Disease: In developing nations, 80% of
diseases are water-related. • Synthetic Organic Compounds• Inorganic Compounds & Mineral Substances
such as Acids, etc.• Radioactive substances• Oxygen-demanding wastes• Plant Nutrients• Sediments• Thermal Discharges
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Effects of water pollution• The food chain is damaged.• Diseases can spread via polluted water.• Acid rain.• Pollutants in the water will alter the overall
chemistry of water.• Marine food sources are contaminated.• Altered water temperatures can kill marine life.
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Water Quality
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• Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development.
• In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800?s.
• By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes
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Water quality• Scientists monitor water quality by using bacterial
counts, chemical analysis, and indicator organisms.
• It is measuring the number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria present in a water sample.
• Drinking water should not contain any colonies/100 milliliters,
• Chemical analysis includes checking inorganic and organic chemicals present, sediment content, and turbidity of water.
• Indicator species are living organisms that are monitored to determine levels of pollution.
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Water quality• Improvement since 1970• Surface waters no longer regarded as open
sewers• More and better sewage treatment systems• Less dumping of industrial waste • Clean Water Act of 1972, 1977 • Make all surface waters “fishable and
swimmable”
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Water quality• Water Act, 1974• ‘Water Use Map’ of the country was prepared
based on the ‘Designated Best Use’• ‘Water Quality Map’ of India and ‘Water Use
Map’ of India will be super imposed, so as to identify water bodies which are in need of improvement (restoration)
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Dissolved oxygen• Only a few fish species can survive in water less
than 4ppm at 20°C.
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# Parameters Inland Surface waters
On land for
irrigation
Marine disposal
1 pH (mg/L) 5.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.02 TSS (mg/L) 100 200 1003 B.O.D (mg/L) 30 100 1004 C.O.D (mg/L) 100 - 2505 Hexavalent
Cr. (mg/L) 0.1 0.1 1.0
Disposal of Treated Effluents • Indian Standards
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Monitoring Water Quality• Number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria• Bacterial source tracking (BST) • Measure biological oxygen demand (BOD)• Chemical analysis• Indicator species• Genetic development of indicator organisms
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Drinking Water Quality• Purification of urban drinking water• Protection from terrorism• Purification of rural drinking water• Safe Drinking Water Act• Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)• Bottled water
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Drinking Water Quality• Development of LEDC’s and NIC’s has lead to a
general decline in water quality• Manufacturing chemical waste often untreated
and deposited into rivers only to be used further downstream for irrigation, cleaning and drinking water (R. Citarum West Java)
• 40% of world’s agriculture comes from irrigated land – this has salinity issues
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Drinking Water Quality• Free of pollutants• Tastes good• Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Sulfate in same
concentrations as found in saliva10 oC• As little chlorination as possible• Calcium & magnesium account for most water
hardness, death rates (cardiovascular disease) higher in areas soft water than in hard water
• Copper needed to absorb & metabolism iron, but >1mg/liter makes water unpalatable
• Does taste correlate with presence of toxic compounds?
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Approach • For maintaining quality of water in the river, it is
necessary to limit entry of pollutants into the river both in quality and quantity.
• Treatment of effluent to the required degree before disposal is needed.
• The industrial and domestic effluents may be considered for reuse for Irrigation, Industries, etc after necessary treatment.
• Recharging of ground water after treatment of sewage should be considered.
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A recap• Water can be polluted naturally• Water can be polluted by man• Sewage in our water bodies• Garbage dumps• Washing and bathing• Pesticides and fertilizers• Industries
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References • www.wikipedia.org ; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive
Director,Jankalyana• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management
Institute• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008 • <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)• Water Pollution By DiGiT• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman• Water Pollution by Home• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution• pppst.com• kangenforall.com
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