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This is a PPT. on life process.this would help you in understanding the huge chapter easily. Followers Any ?!!
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LIFE PROCESSES
http://www.edurite.com/kbase/life+processes+notes
What are the characteristics of life?
The seven life processes1 Move1 Move
2 Reproduce2 Reproduce
3 Sensitive3 Sensitive
4 Nutrition4 Nutrition
5 Excrete5 Excrete
6 Respire6 Respire
7 Grow7 Grow
Difference between living and non-living thing
LIVING THINGS NON-LIVING THINGS
Movement- body, molecules
Even though there is movement they are not alive.
Nutrition It is not taking place.
Excretion There is no excretion.
Growth Growth is not taking place.
Respiration – breathing There is no respiration.
Reproduction It is not taking place.
Sensitivity There is no sensory organs.
What is a living thing?Imagine that you are space traveler who
lands on an unknown planet. How could you determine if what you are looking at is alive. Ex. A rock and a blade of grass.
What are the life processes?NUTRITIONTRANSPORTRESPIRATIONEXCRETIONSYNTHESISGROWTHREGULATIONREPRODUCTION
Nutrition
Includes the activities involved in ingestion (obtaining food from the environment) and digestion (processing food for use by the organism). It also includes egestion (removal of solid wastes)
How organisms grow? Living organisms need to grow, they need
energy for living and growth.
This is accomplished by breaking down
food to produce energy.
Life on earth depends on obtaining energy
by breaking down carbon-based compounds
(carbohydrates, fats and proteins).
FATS
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
ENERGY
OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS
Energy
Molecular movements inside cells
Maintaining living structures
Growth of body
To run series of biochemical reactions inside cells
Chemical reactions inside cells Oxidation-reduction reactions are most
common inside cells to breakdown molecules of
glucose or fatty acid or amino acid (molecules
used by cells).
These reactions use oxygen.
Living organisms use oxygen to carryout
oxidation-reduction reactions, so they are
called as cellular respiration.
How do organisms obtain their nutritionSingle cellular organismsThese organism live with one cell.They carry out all life processes with
its single cell.They are not having any specific organ system for taking in food, exchange of gases or removal of wastes.
The entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment.
Single cellular organisms carryout Simple Diffusion process to meet some of the life processes.
Nutrition in amoeba
Multicellular organismsMulticellular organisms are
organisms that consist of more than one
cell, in contrast to single-cell organisms.
To form a multicellular organism, these
cells need to identify and attach to the
other cells.
Multicellular continues….All cells are not in direct contact with
environment.Simple diffusion is insufficient and will
not meet the requirements of all the cells.
FOOD OXYGEN
Body cells need both to perform biochemical reactions to produce energy
Digestive system digests complex food and absorbs simpler form of nutrients and then transported to cells.
Respiratory system is responsible for inhaling O2. Then O2 is transported to all cells.
Transport system
Excretion
Nutrition
How do living things get their food?Green plants and some bacteria make
their own food. They use raw materials like water and
carbon dioxide(inorganic raw materials).Green plants and some bacteria are
autotrophs.
What is an autotroph?An organism capable of making its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Plants are autotrophs. They take in light (the sun) and convert this into food or energy. E.g. plants , bacteria and algae.
What is a heterotroph?An organism that must ingest complex organic substances in order to create energy. These organisms use biocatalysts called enzymes. Examples of heterotrophs are humans. Humans must ingest food in order to create energy. They do this through digestion. Other e.g. animals, fungi.
Photosynthesis in equation
Events occur during photosynthesis
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
Splitting of water molecules into Hydrogen and oxygen and 1pair of electrons.
Desert plants takes up carbon dioxide
and prepare starch at night.
Light energy is absorbed by the
chlorophyll during day time.
Nutrition in green plants Green plants are also called autotrophic
organisms, as they can produce their own food.
Autotrophic = auto+ trophic, means- making food by self without depending other living beings.
Green plants produce food by photosynthesis process, so they are known as producers in the environment.
Starch test
Leaves tested for starch-IODINETEST
Variegated leaf
Opening and closing of stomataStomata: They are tiny openings or
pores, found mostly on the underside of
a plant leaf and used for gas exchange.
The pore is formed by a pair of
specialized cells known as guard cells
which are responsible for regulating
the size of the opening.
glucose NITROGEN
Amino acids
Roots of leguminous plants can absorb
nitrate / nitrite compounds (nitrogen
source) from the soil.
Rhizobium bacteria helps in converting
atmospheric nitrogen into organic
nitrates/nitrites.
Heterotrophic nutritionHeterotrophic nutrition is classified into three
types : (i) Saprophytic nutrition (ii) Parasitic
nutrition (iii) Holozoic nutrition.
SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION : Organisms
obtaining nutrients from dead and decaying
organic matter are called saprophytes and their
mode of nutrition is called saprophytic
nutrition. Many species of bacteria and
different types of fungi are saprophytes.
Heterotrophic nutrition in non green plantsTypes: Saprophytes: These organisms get
their food from dead and decaying plants and animals.
They release digestive enzymes to break down complex organic matter into simpler ones.
E.g. Fungi, Bacteria.
PARASITIC NUTRITION : If an organism depends on another living organism for nutrition, its mode of nutrition is called parasitic nutrition. Such organisms are called parasites and the organism from which they obtain nutrition is called host. The host organism is harmed by the parasite. Parasitic nutrition is observed in some bacteria, fungi, flowering plants like cuscuta and animal like ascaris.
Cuscata (amber -bel)
leeches
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION : Holozoic
nutrition involves intake of parts of
plants or animals or an organism
as a whole by the process of
ingestion which is then digested
and absorbed. Some examples are
amoeba, frog, insects, human
being, etc.
Nutrition in humansDigestion: The conversion of complex food into simple soluble forms.
Parts of digestive system:
Teeth – biting, chewing food.
Alimentary canal - it consists of
several organs oesophagus, stomach, the
small and large intestines, rectum and
anus.
Digestive glands - secrete digestive
juices.
Human Nutrition
INGESTION taking of food into to the mouth
DIGESTION break down of food into small soluble
pieces
ABSORPTION taking in of useful food into the bloodstream
ASSIMILATION use of food for growth, repair and energy
EGESTION removal of unused food from the body.
NUTITION IN HUMAN BEINGSHuman alimentary canal
Identify the labellings
Location of the salivary glands in mouth
Digestion in mouthWhat happens in mouth?
Grinding of bolus by teeth
S alivary glands produce salivaSaliva
contains salivary amylaseStarch maltose
Digestion of starch in mouth
Peristalsis
Peristaltic waves of contraction push food through the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach.
Peristaltic waves of contraction push food through the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach.
Parts of stomach
Gastric glands and mucous membranes
Digestion in stomach
CHYME: when stomach churns food, it is converted into semi solid state.
Digestion in stomachPepsin action is favored by HCl, mucus protects inner lining of stomach
main digestive enzymes found in our bodyS.NO Digestive
organEnzyme/juice Food
acted upon
Substances produced.
1. Mouth (salivary glands)
Salivary amylase Starch Maltose (sugar)
2. Stomach Gastric juice -Pepsin
Proteins Peptides (fragments of protein)
3. Pancreas Pancreatic juice:•Amylase•Trypsin •Lipase
•Starch •Proteins •Fats (lipids)
•Maltose (sugar)•Peptides (very small fragments)•Fatty acids+ glycerol
4. Small intestine
•Lipase •Maltase •Sucrase •Peptidase
•Fats •Maltose •Sucrose•Peptides
•Fatty acids+ glycerol•Glucose •Glucose and fructose•aminoacids
Small intestine structure
Absorption in the small intestines
Assimilation
It is the final stage of digestion.
When the soluble food absorbed into the
blood stream is used to provide energy
and materials for growth and repair of
body tissues.
assimilationFood material Assimilation
Glucose •Provides energy. •Stored in liver and muscles.
Fatty acids+ glycerol
•Energy reserves.•It is stored in liver and in under skin.
Amino acids •Repairs damages in body parts.• Forms enzymes, hormones.•Responsible for growth
Egestion The removal of undigested food or
waste moves to large intestines
where water is absorbed from them,
making a semi solid. This is Faeces.
It is stored in the large intestine called
rectum.
It is sent out of the body through anus.
RESPIRATIONThe process of releasing energy from
organic molecules for use by cells.
During respiration glucose is broken down, and the energy released is stored in the compound ATP.
Energy released by the compound ATP is used by organisms to perform life functions.
Respiration is the release of energy from
glucose or another organic chemical.
Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration does not require
oxygen and releases less energy.
Respiration Respiration: is the release of energy from food,takes place in animal and plant cells.Aerobic Respiration requires: Glucose,
Oxygen.Aerobic Respiration produces: Energy,Carbon Dioxide, Water.Anaerobic Respiration requires: Glucose.Anaerobic Respiration produces: Energy (not as much),Carbon Dioxide,Lactic Acid or Alcohol.
Anaerobic respiration
C6H12O6 2C2 H5OH +
ethanol 2CO 2 +
Energy Yeast can carry out respiration in the absence of
oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration in humansDuring vigorous physical exercise.
Glucose Lactic acid + Energy
In cytoplasmGlucose
(6C)Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Lactic acid (3C) + Energy
BREAK DOWN OF GLUCOSE BY ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS IN MUSCLE CELLS
Lack of oxygen in muscle cells
In cytoplasmGlucose
(6C)Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Ethanol (2C) + CO2 + Energy
Absence of oxygen in yeast
ANAEROBIC PATHWAY FOR GLUCOSE BREAK DOWN IN YEAST
In cytoplasmGlucose
(6C)Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Water + CO2 + Energy
Presence of oxygen in mitochondria
Aerobic pathway for glucose break down in mitochondria
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Presence of oxygen. Absence of oxygen.
6 Carbon glucose 3Carbon pyruvate CO2, water inside mitochondria.
6 Carbon glucose 3Carbon pyruvate ethanol or lactic acid in cytoplasm.
More energy is released. Very less energy is released.
It takes place in most of cells like RBC, Brain cells, heart muscle cells.
It takes place in yeast (ethanol fermentation), muscle cells (lactic acid) muscle cramps during muscle exercise.
Types of respiration
What form of energy used by cells?The energy used during cellular
respiration is used to synthesis ATP.
ATP – Adenosine Tri Phosphate
(currency of cells)
ATP is the fuel to all cell activities.
ATP s are broken down to release energy
which can be used by cells to carry out
movement in molecules, biochemical
reactions.
Endothermic reactions (reactions that absorbs heat from outside source) use ATP to drive their reactions.
The terminal phosphate linkages are broken down using water (hydrolytic reactions).
1 ATP = 30.5 KJ/mol is released.ATP can be used for: Muscle contractionProtein making and cell repairsConduction of nerve impulse messagesMolecules to enter and exit plasma membrane.
ADP + PHOSPHATE
ADP~PHOSPHATE
ATP
Energy
Diffusion The process by which molecules spread
from areas of high concentration, to areas
of low concentration. When the molecules
are even throughout a space - it is called
EQUILIBRIUM.
Diffusion contd…..Molecules will always move down the
concentration difference, toward areas of
lesser concentration. Think of food coloring
that spreads out in a glass of water, or air
freshener sprayed in a room.
Water movement in plants
Diffusion in plantsPlants exchange gases through stomata.The large intracellular space ensures cells
are in contact with environment air. CO2 and O2 are exchanged by diffusion
here.Direction of diffusion depends on
environmental conditions and requirements of plants.
Night no photosynthesis occurs CO2 exchange.
Day CO2 used by plants Photosynthesis no CO2 released to air. O2 is released.
Diffusion in terrestrial animalsAnimals respire using different organs.Terrestrial animals use lungs for breathing.These animals have respiratory system.That has large surface area that is in close
contact with air as well as they are protected
inside our body, because they are so delicate
to carry out diffusion of gases.These organs have special mechanism to
carry out breathing and diffusion of gases
Diffusion in aquatic animalsBreathing rate is comparatively faster in aquatic animals.Takes in water by mouth
Respiration in humans
Gas exchange in alveoli
The circulatory system in humans3 distinct components
Blood - fluid circulates in our body.
Blood vessels- tubes that help the blood to
circulate.
Heart - pumping organ that
circulates the blood around
the body.
Composition of blood
PLASMA (55%)
BLOOD CELLS(45%)
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leucocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cellsDisc shaped.O2 and CO2 transport.1 cubic millimetre of blood has5 million RBC.Haemoglobin
White blood cellsColourless and larger than RBC.Protects your body against infection by killing bacteria.
HUMAN HEART
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
septum
Single circulation in fishes, amphibians and reptiles
Blood pressure
Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood on the walls of artery.
It is greater in arteries than in veins.
The Pressure of blood inside the artery
during ventricular systole (contraction) is
called systolic pressure.
Pressure in artery during ventricular
diastole (relaxation) is called diastolic
pressure.
The normal systolic pressure -120mm Hg.
The normal diastolic pressure-80 mmHg.
Maintenance by platelets
Lymph Lymph or tissue fluid is involved
in transportation.
The almost colourless fluid that bathes
body tissues and is found in the lymphatic
vessels that drain the tissues of the fluid
that filters across the blood vessel walls
from blood. Lymph carries lymphocytes
that have entered the lymph nodes from
the blood.
Transport in plants
Water absorbed into roots through root hair
cells
Water carried to leaves through xylem vessels
Water evaporates from underside of leaves
Water escapes through holes called stomata
As water evaporates, more is sucked up xylem
Stomata open and close to control water loss
Open – O2 and CO2 enter and exit
Closed – Reduce water loss
Water is absorbed in plants by young roots and
in the dermal cells by osmosis
Cell sap of the epidermal cells has higher
concentration than water in the soil
Root hairs significantly increase water
absorption
Root hairs increase the root surface area and
catchment space for water uptake
Epidermal cells do not have a cuticle > water
uptake is fast
Diffusion and osmosis
osmosisVisit the site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYx_9y0I1Hg&feature=related
Osmosis in plants
transpiration
Transport of food and other substances
Excretion in humans
i) Kidneys Place of filtration and reabsorption
ii) Ureter
Urine flows from the collecting tubes in the kidneys
to the ureter (a pipe)
iii) Urinary Bladder
Urine flows from ureter to this place where it is
temporarily stored
iv) Urethra
Periodically, urine is EXCRETED from the bladder
through the urethra
Urine formation
EXCRETION
Oxygen- waste product. Photosynthesis
Excretion in plants
Water – transpiration
Dead cells/waste stored in leaves - removed by falling leaves
Waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles
Plants excretes waste into soil
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