Decolonization in a Global Context

Decolonization Overview

Theories of World Analysis: Decolonization Imperialism and Decolonization Overview:

Theories of World AnalysisFocus: Decolonization

How did the world get to be the way it is today? (And is it fair?)

Colonized Voices

Can the subaltern speak?

As we listen to the following voices…

Choose a voice that most speaks to you if you can. Choose several if several speak to you equally.

Make a list of these leaders’ and writers’ frustrations, analyses and desires.

Compare their frustrations, analyses and desires to your own, especially those evoked during our simulation.

Which do you most associate with your own feelings on imperialism/colonization?

What connections to other historical events and theories can you make?

Vaclav Havel-Czechoslovakia Life cannot be destroyed for good, neither ... can

history be brought entirely to a halt. A secret streamlet trickles on beneath the heavy lid of inertia and pseudo-events, slowly and inconspicuously undercutting it. It may be a long process, but one day it must happen: the lid will no longer hold and will start to crack. This is the moment when something once more begins visibly to happen, something truly new and unique ... something truly historical, in the sense that history again demands to be heard. Open letter to Dr. Gustáv Husák, Communist President

(8 April 1975)

World Studies & World Analysis Frameworks for how the world has evolved Often economic as much as historical

World-systems theory Globalization Human Web Clash of Civilizations Imperial hegemons/vacuums

Decolonization~Neo-Colonialism Kant-Fukuyama “End of History”

World-System Theory Immanuel Wallerstein (70s and 80s) Favored by Marxists and Asianists “Re-Orients” world history to an Asia-centric

perspective International division of labor:

Core states (Britain)

Semi-Periphery (Spain/Ottoman Empire)

Periphery (India) (19th Century Example)

Imperial/post-colonial history

Global Patron

National/Regional Client(Patron to local authorities)

Local Client(Patron to producing classes)

The Dependency Hierarchy

Producing Classes(Patronized by the hierarchy)

Collaborative Elites

UN HDI (Human Development Index)

Comparative Colonialisms Which of the following qualify as

decolonization issues? According to you… According to Springhall… According to the IB…

What accounts for the difference? What is the role of the historian in defining struggles for independence?

Colonized Voices

Can the subaltern speak?

Reactions and Reflections Which did you react to the most strongly? Which do you most associate with your own

feelings on imperialism/colonization? What connections to other historical event

and theories can you make?

Vaclav Havel Life cannot be destroyed for good, neither ... can

history be brought entirely to a halt. A secret streamlet trickles on beneath the heavy lid of inertia and pseudo-events, slowly and inconspicuously undercutting it. It may be a long process, but one day it must happen: the lid will no longer hold and will start to crack. This is the moment when something once more begins visibly to happen, something truly new and unique ... something truly historical, in the sense that history again demands to be heard. Open letter to Dr. Gustáv Husák, Communist President

(8 April 1975)

Comparative Colonialisms Which of the previous qualify as

decolonization issues? According to you… According to Springhall… According to the IB What accounts for the difference?

“Limitations and Values” Debates

Before European Hegemony? 500 years or 5000? Over-simplification? Complicated by the growth of multi-nationals

Uses Framework of power

Structuralism “Haves and have nots” Reinforces “soft” history with economic analysis

Clash of Civilizations?

“Up and Comers”?

Post-World System? New WS?

World Systems Theory Video 1 Hugo Chavez 2 Che FHC

Essential Questions

What are some of the theoretical frameworks economists have suggested for understanding Latin American development?

Structurally, what has been the role of the United States in the development of Latin America?

Which framework do you think is best for Latin America? You may suggest a possibility not addressed here.

Please write a critical summary of the lecture in which you make a sincere attempt to answer the questions above. Endeavor to incorporate Research readings and Fieldwork materials in your analysis.

“Inner National System”

Inner National System

“Inner National System” Interpretation of world-system USA, China, Brazil, etc. Core, Semi-Periphery, Periphery in one nation-

state Usually urban cores of economic/political power Semi-peripheral areas: satellite cities, suburbs

consumers Rural zones providing labor/raw materials

Draws on theories mentioned here & other theorists (Zinn’s “inner buffer state”)

--WJT.

World Systems and Latin America

1492: Latin American integration into the world system Columbian Exchange Triangular Trade Devastating impact

16th -19th Centuries: Periphery to Spain/Portugal 19th-20th Centuries: Periphery to Britain/USA 20th Century: Periphery to USA 21st Century: ??? BRIC? Semi-periphery? New

World system?

20th Century Theorists UN Economic Commission

for Latin America (ECLA/CEPAL) Headed by Argentine

economist RaúlPrebisch(60s-70s) Interpretation: “Dependency

theory” CelsoFurtado (also in ECLA)

applied these theories to Brazil

Debate ongoing: Capitalism or Socialism?

20th Century Theorists, Cont. Recognize him? Fernando Henrique Cardoso

(FHC) Sociologist/Economist/President Variant of dependency theory—

not strictly negative Saw in growth during military

client stage potential for Brazil’s development with foreign monopolies present

“Dependent capitalist development” or “Associated dependent development”

End of Brazilian economic miracle cast serious doubt on his theories

Iran, Latin America construct new world system

During the Cold War era, Latin America (with the exception of Cuba) was considered to be under America's 'sphere of influence'. Latin American people suffered from US imperialistic policies for more than two centuries.

During Iran's Islamic Revolution, Latin America witnessed the collapse of the Shah's regime that had given away the wealth of the country to the US and Britain. Latin America saw the unstoppable Iranian people, who took over the streets following the call of Imam Khomeini. Latin America realized that they should pay attention to a country capable of overthrowing such a regime, and one that could end US domination.

The recent popular revolutions that have taken place across Latin America, and which have brought to power true national leaders such as Evo Morales and Hugo Chavez illustrate that Iran and Latin America have much in common.

The West is threatened by the relationships that are emerging between Latin America and Iran, and has condemned them. Thomas Shannon, the senior US official for Latin America, said recently that Iran was making allies in the region to counter Washington's traditional influence and could use such relations to threaten US security. He urged Latin American governments to comply with US sanctions against Iran and called them to be "vigilant".

Immanuel Wallerstein, professor emeritus at Yale and director of the FernandBraudel Center in New York, argues that the Bush administration's endless wars have exposed the limits of American power. US hegemony is coming to an irreversible end, revealing, Wallerstein says, "multiple poles of geopolitical power". He predicts that we are entering "a situation of structural crisis towards the construction of a new world system [with no hegemonic power]."

In this new system, Iran and Latin America can play a decisive role in international politics. They own important energy resources, educated populations and the determination to remain independent. In this sense, cooperation between Latin America and Iran can bring to an end the era of US imperialistic policies and usher in a multi-polar world.

Dependency Theory

Think of it in terms of human relationships: Power is the ability to make others do

things they wouldn’t otherwise want to do.

The basis of power is dependency Person B depends on Person A if B has

goals and needs that A can fulfill. Person A controls Person B’s access to

the “commodity” they need, therefore controlling B’s behavior/resources.

B’s dependency on A is related to both supply and demand. Demand refers to how much B needs

what A controls. (This could be validation, oil, affirmation, salary, “love”, a promotion or even a “connection to God!”)

Supply refers to the availability, quality and cost of alternative means of satisfying those needs that are in demand.

In other words, how easy/difficult it is for B to go elsewhere and gain the “commodity” A controls.

A Hierarchy of Dependency

Specifically for Latin America and United States

But can be applied to other global relationships

Form of Patron-Client relationship

Complexity of Patrons: USA or McDonald’s?

The Scramble for Grades Tomorrow, you will be competing in a Knowledge

Bowl competition to earn the chance to get extra-credit points for your quarter grade. Today, we will compete in a warm-up exercise whose winners will earn a great advantage in tomorrow’s game. Winning today is essential for winning tomorrow, thus earning a higher grade. You are now seated in three groups each with different colored mini-blocks:

Large Group: Green blocks. Place one on your desk and take three more. Keep them handy and do not throw them away.

Medium Group:Blue blocks. Place one on your desk and take three more. Keep them handy and do not throw them away.

Small Group: Red blocks. Place one on your desk and take three more. Keep them handy and do not throw them away.

Introduction to Colonization & Decolonization: Case Studies in Modern Africa and Asia

Colonization in 1945

colonialism: one country’s domination of another country or people, usually achieved through aggressive actions; involves formal political control of one country over another

colony: the territory acquired, usually through aggressive actions

colonization: the act of colonizing

imperialism: similar to colonialism but used more broadly to refer to political or economic control exercised either formally or informally

new imperialism: period of European imperialism involving extension of formal political control in Africa and Asia, 1870-1914

decolonization: process of granting independence to a colony; refers particularly to the period after WWII when European colonies in Africa and Asia achieved independence

History of Imperialism – Periods:

I. Imperialism before 1450II. Age of European Exploration & Early Modern

European Imperialism (1450-1700)III. European Merchant Empires (1700-1815)IV. Imperialism of Free Trade (1815-1870)V. New Imperialism (1870-1914)VI. Mandates (post-WWI) & Trusts (post-WWII)VII. Decolonization (1945-1970)VIII. Modern Economic Imperialism &

Neocolonialism

I. Imperialism before 1450

one state attempts to dominate all others through unified system of control

new territories usually adjacent or nearly adjacent to imperial center

Alexander the Great’s Empire, 320 B.C.

Roman Empire, 117 C.E.

Mongol Empire, late 1200s

Ottoman Empire, 1300-1699

Aztec Empire, 1400s-1521

II. Age of European Exploration & Early Modern European Imperialism (1450-1700)

emerging European nation-states compete for political and economic power drives exploration of and expansion into new lands

extension of formal political control over territories

new territories typically overseas – in S and SE Asia and New World

ECONOMIC/POLITICAL POWER desire for products

mercantilism – control trade ofcolonies in order to reap benefits

trade as war

Trading Companies

British East India Company (1600)

Dutch East India Company (1602)

Dutch West India Company (1621)

GOD (i.e. RELIGION)

1. Portugal (1415)2. Spain3. Netherlands, England,

France

In 1492 ….

… Columbus sailed the ocean blue …

… and the lucky guy ran into a giant heap of dirt in the way of his targeted destination.

Result: Spain builds a colonial empire in the so-called “New World.”

Going back a bit to 1488 …Bartholomeu Dias reaches the Cape of Good Hope

And in 1498…

Vasco da Gama rounds the southernmost tip of Africa...

… and reaches India via the sea

Portuguese Empire, at maximum extent in the 16th c.

Spanish Empire in 1770

Dutch Colonies, 17th c.

British Colonies in North America, 1763-1775

French Colonial Empire

Keylight blue = first empire of 1600s-1700s; dark blue = second empire, built after 1830

III. European Merchant Empires (1700-1815)

by 18th c. European exploration and expansion resulted in the creation of powerful sea-based empires

world system = area where different cultures are related through commercial and other interactions

3 world systems

North Atlantic

South Atlantic

Indian Ocean

North Atlantic system

regions: Western Europe, Russia, the Baltic, Scandinavia, Newfoundland, Canada and northeastern USA

colonial powers: French, Dutch, English

main products: timber, fish, fur

South Atlantic system

regions: South and Central America, Brazil, Caribbean, West Africa, southeastern USA

colonial powers: Spanish, Portuguese, English

main products: silver, sugar, tobacco, African slaves, cotton

Indian Ocean system

regions: South and Southeast Asia, East Africa

colonial power: Britain main products: spices, silk, other

luxury goods

IV. Imperialism of Free Trade (1815-1870)

extension of informal influence (namely economic) rather than asserting formal political control

driven by capitalism product of Industrial Revolution

(begins in Britain ca. 1780) Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776)

“The sun never sets on the British Empire.”

V. New Imperialism (1870-1914)

states resume extending formal political control, not just economic or diplomatic influence

territories acquired in Africa and Asia

still driven by capitalism

Imperialism in Africa, 1914

Imperialism in Asia, 1914

VI. Mandates (post-WWI) & Trusts (post-WWII)

League of Nations mandates – transferred control of German and Ottoman colonies to WWI victors

United Nations Trust Territories – successors to mandates when UN replaced League of Nations in 1946 colonial power required to set target

date for trust’s independence

League of Nations mandates in Africa, the Middle East, and the Pacific

VII. Decolonization (1945-1970)

VIII. Modern Economic Imperialism & Neocolonialism

economic domination: the domination by a powerful, usually Western nation of another nation that is politically independent but has a weak economy greatly dependent on trade with the powerful nation

Process of Decolonization Process of Decolonization and Nation- Buildingand Nation- Building

Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920s and 1930s.

Process continues between 1920-1980; incomplete colonialisms continue to exist according to some arguments

Definitions I Definitions I

Colonialism colonialism: one country’s domination of another

country or people, usually achieved through aggressive actions; involves formal political control of one country over another

Imperialism imperialism: similar to colonialism but used more broadly to

refer to political or economic control exercised either formally or informally

new imperialism: period of European imperialism involving extension of formal political control in Africa and Asia, 1870-1914

Decolonization decolonization: process of granting independence to

a colony; refers particularly to the period after WWII when European colonies in Africa and Asia achieved independence

Definitions IIDefinitions II

Hegemony An indirect form of imperial dominance in

which the hegemon (leader state) rules sub-ordinate states by the implied means of power rather than direct military force.

Definitions IIIDefinitions III

Dependence (-y theory) The premises of dependency theory are that:

Poor nations provide natural resources, cheap labor, a destination for obsolete technology, and markets for developed nations, without which the latter could not have the standard of living they enjoy.

Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of dependence by various means. This influence may be multifaceted, involving economics, media control, politics, banking and finance, education, culture, sport, and all aspects of human resource development (including recruitment and training of workers).

Wealthy nations actively counter attempts by dependent nations to resist their influences by means of economic sanctions and/or the use of military force.

Definitions III.1Definitions III.1

According to former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso there is a financial and technological penetration by

the developed capitalist centers of the countries of the periphery and semi-periphery;

this produces an unbalanced economic structure both within the peripheral societies and between them and the centers;

this leads to limitations on self-sustained growth in the periphery;

this favors the appearance of specific patterns of class relations;

these require modifications in the role of the state to guarantee both the functioning of the economy and the political articulation of a society, which contains, within itself, foci of inarticulateness and structural imbalance

Definitions IVDefinitions IV

World System (Theory) World-systems theory stresses that the world-system

(and not nation states) should be the basic unit of social analysis. World-system refers to the international division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials. This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries. Nonetheless, the system is dynamic, and individual states can gain or lose the core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time. For a time, some countries become the world hegemon; throughout last few centuries, this status has passed from the Netherlands, to the United Kingdom and most recently, the United States.

Definitions IV.1Definitions IV.1

World-system theory asks several key questions: how is the world-system affected by the changes in its

components (nations, ethnic groups, social classes, etc.)?

how does the world-system affects its components? to what degree, if any, does the core need the

periphery to be underdeveloped? what causes the world-systems to change? what system may replace capitalism?

Some questions are more specific to certain subfields; for example, Marxists would concern themselves whether the world-system theory is a useful or unhelpful development of Marxist theories

Definitions VDefinitions V

Neo-Colonialism the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and

cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control. Such control can be economic, cultural, or linguistic; by promoting one's own culture, language or media in the colony, corporations embedded in that culture can then make greater headway in opening the markets in those countries. Thus, neocolonialism would be the end result of business interests leading to deleterious cultural effects

Definitions V.1Definitions V.1

As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism."

Che Guevara

In place of colonialism as the main instrument of imperialism we have today neo-colonialism. [...] Neo-colonialism, like colonialism, is an attempt to export the social conflicts of the capitalist countries. The result of neo-colonialism is that foreign capital is used for the exploitation rather than for the development of the less developed parts of the world. Investment under neo-colonialism increases rather than decreases the gap between the rich and the poor countries of the world. The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to impoverish the less developed

Kwame Nkrumah, Neocolonialism, the Last Stage of Capitalism

Colonial Empires in Colonial Empires in 18981898

Colonial Empires in Colonial Empires in 19451945

UN Human Development Report UN Human Development Report 20102010

World System Theory Depiction World System Theory Depiction of the Modern Worldof the Modern World

Patterns IPatterns I

Three general overarching patterns:

1. Civil war (China)2. Negotiated independence (India

and much of Africa)3. Incomplete and/or violent de-

colonization (Palestine, Algeria and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

Patterns IIPatterns II

Violent vs. non-Violent Resistance Algeria & Vietnam vs. India

Active Resistors v. Passive Victims Bystanding issues

Failed Traditional Rebellion

(Late 19th and early 20th Centuries [Philippines, South Africa, Sudan, India China, etc.])

Western Inspired

Nationalist Movement

(Leaders & Goals)

WWI, WWII, Cold War

Independence Violent or

Non-violent(Events/Methods)

Resurgence of Indigenous Challenges

(Major Problems)

Building a Nation-State

(Structure of new Gov’t)

Modern, but not Western

Society

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM1914-Present

ExplanationsExplanations

Internationalist explanations The influence of the United Nations, the Cold War,

the Non-Aligned Movement and other international influences and support networks

Nationalist explanations The influence of nationalism and national

movements

Metropolitan explanations Reasons stemming from the political, economic and

ideological developments of the colonial metropoles

Collaborative elites The role of collaborative elites both in maintaining

and ending empire; and in neo-colonial power structures

Theories Theories

Analysis itself becomes politics; interpretation acquires the undertones of a polemic ... marking our own text with the signs of battle.

PARTHA CHATTERJEE, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World

Theories—General Theories—General Perspective Concepts Examples

Orthodox

European Agency

Metropolitan explanations based on European source material; political and economic reasons—also moral ones: apologists for empire?

• John Darwin: economic and political reasons for Brit empire to leave

• Jacque Marseille: Pins the point of no return on the Great Depression

Revisionist

Colonial Agency

Speaking for those unable to speak, excentricly (Collaborative elites) or radically (deconstruction of literature, thought, perspective; also: Local attempts to reclaim history—emphasize emancipation

• Springhall and Chamberlain (CEs)

• Spivak, Fanon, Said, Gramsci

• Wallerstein, et al.• Maulana Abul Kalam

Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad

Post-Revisionist

Joint Agency?

Calls for a synthesis of approaches, still not well laid out—no comprehensive school or approach. However…”post-colonial globalization”

• A.G. Hopkins

New ThoughtsNew Thoughts: : A. G. Hopkins

…the study of decolonization needs to be extended beyond Africa and Asia to include the old dominions. The subject needs to become truly global because, to complete the argument, decolonization was a response to changes in the process of globalization after the Second World War. The dialectic of empire had begun by promoting a form of imperial globalization that subordinated outlying regions and integrated them with a dominant metropolitan centre. Structures of dependence put in place in the nineteenth century survived the upheaval of the Second World War and were perpetuated for a decade after 1945. Hierarchical imperial systems were then subverted by a mixture of ideological and material forces that emerged in the mid 1950s, partly as a result of developments arising from imperial rule and partly in reaction to them. The propagation and implementation of principles of human and civil rights undercut systems of domination based on claimed ethnic superiority; profound changes to the world economy reduced the value of colonial forms of integration and created new alignments; principles of civic nationality were adopted to meet the needs of an increasingly cosmopolitan world. The result was a novel synthesis, post-colonial globalization, which washed over and eventually eroded the boundaries that had marked out both Greater Britain and the colonial dependencies.

Theories—Specific Theories—Specific

Subalterns: Spivak

Post-Colonial Studies and Power (literary criticism): Fanon, Said Negritude: Léopold Sédar Senghor

Nationalist Explanations: Springhall, Chamberlain, Anderson Springhall and Chamberlain are not restricted to this one

World Systems Theory Springing from the Annales school (New regional

interpretations)

Structural Analysis IStructural Analysis I

Comparison French v. English decolonization patterns Peaceful v. Violent decolonization patterns Civil War v. Negotiated v. Incomplete patterns

Structural Analysis 2Structural Analysis 2

Categorization/Classification Determining examples of:

Negotiated independence Nationalist/metropolitan/internationalist

explanations Collaborative elites explanations

When does colonialism become neocolonialism?

Construction (of parameters) When does decolonization begin? When does it end? Has it ended? Where did decolonization take place?

USA? Soviet Union? Korea? Ireland?

Contextualization How does the process of decolonization fit in the larger

history of the 20th Century? (And further back.) What impact did the Cold War have on decolonization? What impact did the United Nations have on

decolonization? What impact did the non-Aligned movement have o

decolonization? What impact did the post WWI and post WWII economic

and political status quos have on decolonization? What theories and perspectives do these questions speak

Causality A myriad of possibilities

Which can we think of?

Complexity Understanding the processes of decolonization

in the context of: The Cold War The End of European Hegemony The varying strands of international communism

and socialism (China, Vietnam, Ghana, Cuba etc.) Globalization Resurgence of Islam and Islamic states Individual idiosyncrasies: Gandhi in South Africa,

Change and Continuity over time How do DAPI structures

(Desire Acquisition Power Identity)

Resistance movements

..change and remain the same over time (le longue duree)

…and 19th-20th Century…

Coincidence Great Depression coincides with rising self-rule

sentiment Leaders educated in metropoles (HCM, Gandhi,

Contingency Also multiple, almost endless possibilities

Which can we think of?

Conjuncture Conjunctures of

Education/Diffusion Rise of Superpowers End of Empire World Wars

Convergence (Synthesis) Communism and decolonization Nationalism and decolonization Islam (and other religions) and decolonization Syntheses of all of the above…

All of the theories we have read…

Creation What new theories, observations and

syntheses can you make based on your reading of the documents, data and theory of decolonization?

BeginningsBeginnings

Pre-WWIIPre-WWII

1931, Britain: Statute of Westminster converted the British Empire into the

British Commonwealth also allowed varying degrees of autonomy

End of WWIIEnd of WWII

1941 – Atlantic Charter written by Roosevelt and Churchill – affirming all nations the right self determination

By the end of WWII, colonialism seemed to contradict the spirit of the Allies fight against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Over 200,000 Africans had fought in Europe and Asia for the Allies’ freedom and democracy – most noticed the contradiction Most also learned that they could fight, and

win, against white Europeans

In 1945, the 5th Pan African Congress met and discussed the prospect of independence – attending were a number of leaders who would eventually lead their nations to independence

In the years immediately after the war, several colonies had achieved independence or were on the road to independence in north east Africa, some peacefully, others not

Started a new pan-African nationalism that would spread throughout continent

In 1960 the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1514 that supported the end of colonization

Global Events influential in Decolonization

Imperialism

Growing Nationalism

World War I

World War II

Cold War

World War I

Promises of self-determination

Use of colonial soldiers in trenches

Locals filled posts left by colonial powers during war

Financial strain on empire

Treaty of Versailles

World War II

Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and as a result of the global depressionCosts of empireUS support of anti-colonial liberation movements Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live”Soviets condemned colonialism

Atlantic Charter, 1941

Cold War

Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and socialist economies and agendas.Provided arms to those who sided with one or the other (proxy wars and arms races).Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result of the power politics of cold war competition.

Process of Decolonization and Nation- Building

Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s.

Three patterns:1. Civil war (China)

2. Negotiated independence (India and much of Africa)

3. Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

China Case study

Japanese invasion interrupted the 1920’s and 1930’s conflict between the Communists (Mao Zedong) and the Nationalists in China (Chiang Kai-shek)

China Case study

During the war,Communists expanded peasant base, using appeals for women (health care, divorce rights, education access, graduated taxes, cooperative farming). Growth of party during the war in part through use of anti-Japanese propaganda. Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender. 1949 Great People’s Revolution- Mao Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan.

Negotiated Independence in India and Africa

Independence with little bloodshed in India and much of colonial Africa in decades following World War II.

Why? At what cost?

India Case Study Background

India and other Asian colonies were the first to establish independence movements.

Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about the end of modification of colonial regimes.

India: History of the Movement

Indian National Congress party founded in 1885. (Elite group not mass movement)Growth of Indian national identity- presented grievances to the British.Congress party attracted mass following which opposed shift from the production of food to commercial crops. Gandhi and Congress leadership tried to prevent mass peasant uprising (as was happening in China) by keeping power centered on middle class leaders.

Militant Nationalists

B.G. Tilak urged a boycott of British manufactured goods and used threats of terrorism.

Attracted a violent conservative Hindu following.

Tilak was exiled and his

movement was repressed by

the British.

Peaceful Protests

Mohandas Gandhi and other western educated lawyers led peaceful alternative.Nation-wide protest against colonialism through boycotts and campaigns of civil resistance.His efforts were not well received by the Muslims who formed a separate organization in 1906, The Muslim League.Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) insisted on partitioned state (Hindu and Muslim).

Continued Indian Resistance

Salt March, 1931

Government of India Act 1935

Indian Independence

August 1947 Pakistan and India gained independence.Mass killings of Muslims and Hindus (1 million) followed by mass migrations (12 million). (Gandhi fasted to prevent war-> assassination)Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister,began modernization campaign.

Decolonization in the Middle East- Palestine and Israel

Zionism1917 Balfour DeclarationImmigration of Jews to PalestineEuropean HolocaustIncrease of migration1947- end of British mandate of Palestine and failed UN partition solution1948 establishment of IsraelRegional conflicts->

1906 Dinshawai incident aroused nationalist passions.Actions post- Indep (1936) not sufficient.Coup d’etat in 1952 Gamal Abdel NasserNationalization of Suez 1956 protested by Israelis, British and French but diplomacy won over eventually.Nasser= symbol of pan-Arab nationalism.

Africa for Africans

Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban unemployed & under-employed, and the educated. Pan-Africanism and NegritudeSenghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African-American)

De-colonization in Africa

1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah. By 1963, all of British ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

De-colonization in French-ruled Africa

Initially more resistant than the British.Encouraged closer French ties- assimilation, not autonomy. Not willing to go far enough in granting rights. With exception of Algeria, by 1960 had granted independence.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

Western educated Francophone intellectual from SenegalPoet who became first president of Senegal. Advocated democratic socialism and negritude.

Negritude: validation of African culture and the African past by the Negritude poets. Recognized attributes of French culture but were not willing to be assimilated into Europe.

Violent and Incomplete Decolonizations

Presence of European immigrant groups impeded negotiations, leading to violence. For example, Kenya, Palestine, Algeria, and southern Africa

Vietnam’s de-colonization complicated by France’s colonial ties and cold war politics.

Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition of power. Kenya (20,000 Europeans only) led to violent revolt.Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed by British. 1963 independence granted to black majority, led by Kenyatta.

Algeria

Appeal of Arab nationalismLarge French settler population1954- 1962 war between FLN (nationalist party) and French troops “part of France”300,000 lives

South Africa

4 million white residents

• Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won 1948 election

• Apartheid• No protests tolerated

(African National Congress, Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960)

• 1990’s black government elected

Vietnam

• French rule since 1880’s –rice, mining, and rubber exports

• Rise of foreign educated intelligentsia (Ho Chi Minh)

• Formation of Viet Minh in 1941

• Guerrilla War with France (1946-1954)

• Divided country in 1954 led to gradual US entry to contain communism.

Women as leaders in the Movement

• Women fought alongside men in whatever capacities were permitted in Algeria, Egypt, China, Vietnam,India and elsewhere.

• China, 1942: “ The fighting record of our women does not

permit us to believe that they will ever again allow themselves to be enslaved whether by a national enemy or by social reaction at home.”

• Women given constitutional rights but social and economic equality rarely achieved in postcolonial developing nations.

Literature and Decolonization

• Expressions of nationalism and rejections of western superiority.

• Gandhi, “ I make bold to say that the Europeans themselves will have to remodel their outlooks if they are not to perish under the weight of the comforts to which they are becoming slaves.”

• Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart • Senghor, “Snow upon Paris”• Aime Cesaire, West Indian poet, founder of

Negritude “Return to my Native Land”

International Organizations and Decolonization

• League of Nations

• United Nations

• Organization of African Unity (1963)

Fall of Empire: Fall out and Legacy

• Colonial footprint

• Problems of Transition

• Problems of Identity

The Impact of GlobalizationThe Impact of GlobalizationThe Impact of GlobalizationThe Impact of Globalization

Who would stop the Who would stop the Japanese Co-Prosperity Japanese Co-Prosperity

Sphere (1939)?Sphere (1939)?

Who would stop the Who would stop the Japanese Co-Prosperity Japanese Co-Prosperity

Sphere (1939)?Sphere (1939)?

How Was Japan Defeated?How Was Japan Defeated?At What Cost??At What Cost??

Results of World War Results of World War IIII

• Defeat of dictatorships.

• Unparalleled destruction.

• The decline of colonial powers.

• The rise of the superpowers and the Cold War.

• Defeat of dictatorships.

• Unparalleled destruction.

• The decline of colonial powers.

• The rise of the superpowers and the Cold War.

Defeat of DictatorshipsDefeat of DictatorshipsDefeat of DictatorshipsDefeat of Dictatorships

• Germany, Japan, and Italy were occupied and turned into democratic, peaceful nations.

Unparalelled Unparalelled DestructionDestructionUnparalelled Unparalelled DestructionDestruction

• Much of Europe, North Africa and East Asia lay in ruins.

• Total war had destroyed cities, factories, railroads, homes – and lives.

The Decline of the The Decline of the Colonial PowersColonial Powers

The Rise of the The Rise of the SuperpowersSuperpowers

And the Cold WarAnd the Cold WarAnd the Cold WarAnd the Cold War

With Its With Its ““Iron CurtainIron Curtain””With Its With Its ““Iron CurtainIron Curtain””

And Its Arms Race!And Its Arms Race!And Its Arms Race!And Its Arms Race!

Made a United Nations Made a United Nations Essential, But….Essential, But….

Permanent Members Permanent Members Have Veto PowerHave Veto PowerPermanent Members Permanent Members Have Veto PowerHave Veto Power

Associated Press

"I came, I saw, I vetoed" The Economist

• United States.• United

Kingdom.• France.• Russia.• Nationalist

China (Taiwan) until 1972.(US recognition)

The Permanent 5The Permanent 5The Permanent 5The Permanent 5

In the U. N. In the U. N. Security CouncilSecurity Council

And Remained DividedAnd Remained Dividedby Cold War Issuesby Cold War Issues

Decolonization of Asia & Decolonization of Asia & AfricaAfrica

Changed the Makeup of Changed the Makeup of the UNthe UN

Decolonization of Asia & Decolonization of Asia & AfricaAfrica

Changed the Makeup of Changed the Makeup of the UNthe UN

First, Second, & Third First, Second, & Third WorldsWorlds

with a North-South Dividewith a North-South Divide

First, Second, & Third First, Second, & Third WorldsWorlds

with a North-South Dividewith a North-South Divide

AfricaAfrica Produced Many Produced Many Newly-Independent Nations Newly-Independent Nations

in a Very Short Timein a Very Short Time

AfricaAfrica Produced Many Produced Many Newly-Independent Nations Newly-Independent Nations

in a Very Short Timein a Very Short Time

who often found themselves who often found themselves caught in a battle between caught in a battle between

the two superpowersthe two superpowers

British ColoniesBritish Colonies Were Some of Were Some of the First to Seek the First to Seek

Independence becauseIndependence because

British ColoniesBritish Colonies Were Some of Were Some of the First to Seek the First to Seek

Independence becauseIndependence because• Britain felt hypocritical about Britain felt hypocritical about colonialism.colonialism.

• War left her weak and unable to afford War left her weak and unable to afford colonies.colonies.

• A New African educated middle class A New African educated middle class began to emerge in the cities.began to emerge in the cities.

GhanaGhana: First African : First African State to Gain State to Gain IndependenceIndependence

Kwame Nkrumah Led the Kwame Nkrumah Led the Former Gold CoastFormer Gold Coastto Independenceto Independence

Educated abroad.

Schoolteacher.

Preached nonviolence.

Used boycotts and strikes.

Ultimately successful 1957.

Ghana still a victim of the Ghana still a victim of the world-system?world-system?Ghana still a victim of the Ghana still a victim of the world-system?world-system?

• Market inMarket in Kumasi.Kumasi.

• Sells shoes crafted from old automobile Sells shoes crafted from old automobile tires. tires.

• Sprawls across 25 dusty acres in ancientSprawls across 25 dusty acres in ancient Ashanti capital.Ashanti capital.

• One of the largest marketplaces in West One of the largest marketplaces in West Africa. Africa.

KenyaKenyaKenyaKenya

Kenyan Independence: Kenyan Independence: 19631963

• London educated London educated Jomo KenyattaJomo Kenyatta provided strong nationalist provided strong nationalist leadership.leadership.

• Mau Mau RebellionsMau Mau Rebellions made up of made up of KikuyuKikuyu farmers weaken British settlers farmers weaken British settlers opposition.opposition.

Senegal: Home of theSenegal: Home of theNegritude MovementNegritude Movement

The Solitary Baobob TreeThe Solitary Baobob TreeThe Solitary Baobob TreeThe Solitary Baobob Tree

The national symbol of Senegal, baobab trees often mark burial sites and inspire the poetry of de-colonization…

I heard a grave voice answer,Rash son, this strong young treeThis splendid treeApart from the white and faded flowersIs Africa, your AfricaPatiently stubbornly growing againAnd its fruits are carefully learningThe sharp sweet taste of liberty. David Diop 1956

The old BelgianThe old Belgian CongoCongo, Formerly , Formerly ZaireZaire,,

Victim of Neo-Colonialism?Victim of Neo-Colonialism?

The old BelgianThe old Belgian CongoCongo, Formerly , Formerly ZaireZaire,,

Victim of Neo-Colonialism?Victim of Neo-Colonialism?

Mobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese Seko• Ruled 1965-1997.Ruled 1965-1997.

• Supported by Supported by U.S.U.S. as as Cold War Cold War ally.ally.

• Changed name toChanged name to Zaire. Zaire.

• Left Left ““a house a house thatthat had been eaten had been eaten by by termites termites”” NYTimes.NYTimes.

• Reign described Reign described in in 2002 2002 documentarydocumentary as an as an ““AfricanAfrican Tragedy. Tragedy.””

Today many parts of Congo areToday many parts of Congo areexperiencing punishing local experiencing punishing local

conflictsconflicts

Today many parts of Congo areToday many parts of Congo areexperiencing punishing local experiencing punishing local

conflictsconflicts

Michael Kamber for Michael Kamber for The New York TimesThe New York Times

About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a camp in 2002. camp in 2002.

Death in Congo!Death in Congo!Death in Congo!Death in Congo!

The AllureThe AllureThe AllureThe Allure

Rich Mineral Resources:

Diamonds

Copper

Have Often Drawn ForeignExploitation.

Child Soldiers & a Child Soldiers & a VictimVictim

Child RebelsChild RebelsChild RebelsChild Rebels

A child fighter in a rebel group stands A child fighter in a rebel group stands watch with a U.N. armored vehicle in watch with a U.N. armored vehicle in Bunia, Congo, where there have been Bunia, Congo, where there have been reports of rape and cannibalism.reports of rape and cannibalism.

AlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeria

• French settlers fought fiercely to keep Algeria a French colony.

• DeGaulle realized after the war that France could not hold onto Algeria by force.

• Independence came in 1962.

AngolaAngolaAngolaAngola

400 years: 400 years: PortuguesPortuguese are the e are the first the first the arrive and arrive and the last to the last to leave in leave in 1975.1975.

Angola Left Angola Left With Bitter Civil WarWith Bitter Civil War

Mateus Chitangenda, Fernando Chitala and Mateus Chitangenda, Fernando Chitala and Enoke Chisingi and their families have been Enoke Chisingi and their families have been displaced by war to the town of Kunhinga, in displaced by war to the town of Kunhinga, in central Angola.central Angola.

Going to SchoolGoing to SchoolGoing to SchoolGoing to School

A father walks his daughter to school A father walks his daughter to school in Kuito, Angola. All students in the in Kuito, Angola. All students in the town bring their own small benches to town bring their own small benches to class.class.

Africa: 2000Africa: 2000Africa: 2000Africa: 2000

Nigerians today travel Nigerians today travel the same way as the the same way as the

CongoleseCongolese

Nigerians today travel Nigerians today travel the same way as the the same way as the

CongoleseCongolese

NigeriaNigeria Struggles With Struggles WithEthnic & Religious Ethnic & Religious

RivalriesRivalries

NigeriaNigeria Struggles With Struggles WithEthnic & Religious Ethnic & Religious

RivalriesRivalries

Nigerian Muslims welcome Nigerian Muslims welcome Sharia Sharia lawlaw. .

January 2000January 2000

ShariaSharia LawLaw

This adulterous woman This adulterous woman was sentenced to was sentenced to death by stoningdeath by stoning

Woldwide attention has Woldwide attention has given her hopegiven her hope

Amnesty Amnesty InternationalInternational is is campaigning campaigning against the against the stoning stoning sentencesentenceJuly 2002.July 2002.

Some find Some find ShariaSharia a a blessingblessing

I Thank God for the AmputationI Thank God for the Amputation

Some find Some find ShariaSharia a a blessingblessing

I Thank God for the AmputationI Thank God for the Amputation

South AfricaSouth AfricaSouth AfricaSouth Africa

Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 years in his fight against years in his fight against

ApartheidApartheid

Lived to vote in the Lived to vote in the first racially democratic first racially democratic

electionelection

Lived to vote in the Lived to vote in the first racially democratic first racially democratic

electionelection

19941994

And Become President of And Become President of South AfricaSouth Africa

South African President Nelson Mandela, center, flanked by his two deputy presidents, Thabo Mbeki, left and F.W. de Klerk, right, celebrate the new constitution, May 8, 1996. (AP/WWP Photo Leon Muller)

Age-Group DifferencesAge-Group DifferencesAge-Group DifferencesAge-Group Differences

Less Developed Less Developed RegionsRegions

Global Water StressGlobal Water StressGlobal Water StressGlobal Water Stress

Share of Share of WorldWorld’’s s

GDPGDP

Share of Share of WorldWorld’’s s

GDPGDP

Health StatisticsHealth StatisticsHealth StatisticsHealth Statistics

Bits Per Capita: An Bits Per Capita: An Information Revolution?Information Revolution?

using using ICTsICTs for social and economic for social and economic developmentdevelopment (Information and communication technologies) (Information and communication technologies)

All across AfricaAll across AfricaAll across AfricaAll across Africa

A Cyber Shepherd in A Cyber Shepherd in SenegalSenegal’’s Sahels Sahel

2004-04-152004-04-15PastoralistsPastoralists tracking wandering cattle tracking wandering cattle herds using cell phones and Global herds using cell phones and Global Positioning Systems. Positioning Systems.

South Africa: South Africa: Eco-tourism

Small tourist businesses operating Small tourist businesses operating out of the townships attracting out of the townships attracting customers from around the world customers from around the world by using the Internet.by using the Internet.

Mozambique stops Mozambique stops poaching with radiospoaching with radiosMozambique stops Mozambique stops

poaching with radiospoaching with radios

Healthcare in UgandaHealthcare in UgandaHealthcare in UgandaHealthcare in Uganda

A health care worker conducting a survey using a PDA. (SATELLIFE Photo: Mark Grabowsky)

Decolonization: Algeria vs. Uganda

Uganda:

Britain, 1894

Non-Settler Colony

Uganda: PSE Status Before Colonization

Buganda Kingdom Between 1100 & 1600

Traditional society Clan-based society Communal land

ownership Some Islamic influence

Uganda:

Valued Resources Cotton

Method of Rule British officials

took high posts Imposed taxes Asserted British

law via local Buganda Chiefs

Uganda: Nationalist Leaders & Groups

Rising nationalism after WWI and WWII Weak attempts at

nationalist political parties Uganda National

Congress, 1952 Uganda People’s

Union, 1958 Uganda’s People’s

Congress, 1959

Uganda:

Year of Independence = 1961

Methods of Gaining Independence Requests for

independence dragged-on for years

British had puppet gov’ts in Uganda

Britain granted Independence as part of a larger wave of decolonization around 1960

Ugandans elected local leaders, corrupt elections

UGANDA

Uganda: Summary Since Free Idi Amin took rule in Uganda

from 1971-1979 Amin was born to a Catholic

who converted to Islam. Amin was abandoned by his

father and raised by his mother.

He attended Islamic school and excelled at reciting the Qur’an.

After a few years he left school and joined the British Colonial army.

Amin served in many campaigns for the British and rose to the highest rank possible for a Black African.

Idi Amin

Idi Amin's rule cost an estimated 300,000 Ugandans' lives.

He forcibly removed the entrepreneurial Indian minority from Uganda, decimating the economy.

Thousands were killed for opposing his rule

His reign was ended after the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1979 in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iV_QgKJFZP0

Overarching Themes

• Colonies had to struggle to gain independence

• Settler colonies had more complicated processes of gaining independence because of the Euro. people who settled there – who also wanted to keep their status and power

• Non-settler colonies also had complicated (sometimes violent) independence fights, but many were able to transition power to local rulers as Euro. Influence moved out.

• Most African nations have been dominated by military rulers since independence..

Algeria: Colonizer & Year

France, 1830 Settler Colony

Algeria: PSE Status Before Colonization

History of Algeria Part of Greek & Roman

Empires Islam arrived in 8th century

(700s) CE = Umayyad 300 years of Ottoman rule French win control over

Algeria in 1830 Social and Economic Status

Islam dominated society Trade center on

Mediterranean Long-time source of piracy Strong agriculture due to

Med. climate Cotton, tobacco, grains,

fruits, vegetables (figs, olive oil, etc.)..

Algeria:

Valued Resources Cash crops = cotton and tobacco Foods = fruits and vegetables

Method of Rule Thousands of French migrated to

Algeria Termed “colons” for “colonizers” or

“settlers” Bought much land as it was cheap in

price for them

French rule was strongest in urban centers French governor held political

power French courts were imposed over

traditional Islamic courts (Sharia Law)

French owned most business and profited greatly from manufacturing, mining, agriculture and trade

Algeria:

Government imposed higher taxes on Muslims than on Europeans

Muslims = 90% of population

Muslims earned 20% of Algeria’s income

Muslims paid 70% of Algeria’s direct taxes

French sought assimilation Mission to civilize the

Muslims Established French

schools with entirely French curriculum (no Arabic)

Only a small number of Algerians fought back

Algeria: Nationalist Leaders & Groups

WWI Many Algerians fought in France Many stayed in France after war Noticed unequal standards of

living Inspired by European

Enlightenment WWII

Many Algerians fought for France again

After WWII French fight to re-establish colony

by attacking any protestors In response, a more radical

Algerian independence movements rise

Groups Revolutionary Committee of Unity

and Action (CRUA) = main group Front de Liberation National (FLN)

Leaders: Ahmed Ben Bella, Frantz Fanon

Algeria:

Year of Independence = 1962

Methods of Gaining Independence Guerilla tactics

Hit and run Sniping Bombing of French

police and civilians Café wars

Café Wars

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca3M2feqJk8&feature=related

Post-Colonialism After the revolution, Ahmed Ben Bella was elected as

premier in a one-sided election and was recognized by the United States.

Algeria was admitted as the 109th member of the United Nations

Ben Bella declared that Algeria would follow a neutral course in world politics

In 1965 Ben Bella's government banned opposition parties, providing that the only party allowed to overtly function was the FLN.

Algeria remained stable, though in a one-party state, until violent civil war broke out in the 1990s.

Post-Colonialism: Algeria

“For Algerians of many political factions, the legacy of their War of Independence acted to legitimise the unrestricted use of force in achieving a goal deemed to be justified. Once invoked against foreign colonialists, the same principle could be turned with relative ease also against fellow Algerians. The determination of the FLN to overthrow the colonial rule, and the ruthlessness exhibited by both sides in that struggle, were to be mirrored thirty years later by the determination of the FLN government to hold on to power and of the Islamist opposition to overthrow that rule, and the brutal struggle which ensued.”

To learn more: Rent“The Battle of Algiers”

To learn more: Rent“The Last King of Scotland”

Process of Decolonization and Nation- Building

• Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s.

• Three patterns:1. Violent Revolutions and Civil War (China,

Algeria, Vietnam, Palestine)2. Non-Violent, negotiated independence

(India, Ghana Turkey)3. Both violent and non-violent methods

(Kenya, Egypt, South Africa)

Decolonization in the Middle East- Palestine and Israel

• Zionism• 1917 Balfour Declaration• Immigration of Jews to Palestine• European Holocaust• Increase of migration• 1947- end of British mandate of Palestine

and failed UN partition solution• 1948 establishment of Israel• Regional conflicts->

Violent Movements

UN Partition PlanBritain, which had ruled Palestine since 1920, handed over responsibility for solving the Zionist-Arab problem to the UN in 1947.

The UN recommended splitting the territory into

separate Jewish and Palestinian states.

The partition plan gave:

• 56.47% of Palestine to the Jewish state

• 43.53% to the Arab state• An international enclave

around Jerusalem.

• On 29 November 1947, 33 countries of the UN General

Assembly voted for partition, 13 voted against and 10

abstained.

Which Countries are most likely to vote against the U.N. Partition Plan?

Palestinian Intifada

•Protest took the form of civil disobedience, general strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti, and barricades, but it was the stone-throwing demonstrations against the heavily-armed occupation troops that captured international attention.

•The Israeli Defense Forces responded and there was heavy loss of life among Palestinian civilians.

•More than 1,000 died in clashes which lasted until 1993.

A mass uprising - or intifada against the Israeli occupation

began in Gaza and quickly spread to the West Bank.

Algeria

1954- 1962 war between FLN (nationalist party) and French troops

• Appeal of Arab nationalism• Large French settler population “Part of France”• Algerians used guerilla and terrorist tactics• French used counter terrorism and torture• 300,000 lives lost1962 - Ahmed Ben Bella became the first President• Primarily a one-party state• Current challenges by Islamic Fundamentalists

Violent Movements

India: History of the Movement

• Indian National Congress - 1885. (Elite group not mass movement)

• Growth of Indian national identity- presented grievances to the British.

• Congress party attracted mass following.• Gandhi and Congress leadership tried to

prevent mass peasant uprising (as was happening in China) by keeping power centered on middle class leaders.

Non-Violent Movements

Militant Nationalists

• B.G. Tilak urged a boycott of British manufactured goods and used threats of terrorism.

• Attracted a violent conservative Hindu following.

• Tilak was exiled and his movement was repressed by the British.

Peaceful Protests

• Mohandas Gandhi and other western educated lawyers led peaceful alternative.

• Nation-wide protest against colonialism through boycotts and campaigns of civil resistance. (Salt March, Homespun Movement)

• His efforts were not well received by the Muslims who formed a separate organization in 1906, The Muslim League.

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) insisted on partitioned state (Hindu and Muslim).

Indian Independence

• August 1947 Pakistan and India gained independence.

• Mass killings of Muslims and Hindus (1 million) followed by mass migrations (12 million). (Gandhi fasted to prevent war-> assassination)

• Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister,began modernization campaign.

De-colonization in Africa

• -1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah.

• Used Non-violent methods influenced by Gandhi

• Developed a parliamentary democracy

• - By 1963, all of British ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

Non-Violent Movements

Africa for Africans

• Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban unemployed and western educated elite.

• Pan-Africanism and Negritude

• Senghor (Senegal)

Decolonization of Africa

• Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition of power.

• Jono Kenyatta used non-violent protests

• Kenya (20,000 Europeans only) led to violent revolt.

• Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed by British.

• 1963 independence granted to black majority, led by Kenyatta.

Both Violent and Non-Violent Movements

• 1906 Dinshawai incident aroused nationalist passions.

• Actions post- Indep (1936) not sufficient.

• Coup d’etat in 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Nationalization of Suez 1956 protested by Israelis, British and French but diplomacy won over eventually.

• Nasser= symbol of pan-Arab nationalism.

South Africa

• 4 million white residents• Afrikaner-dominated (white)

National Party won 1948 election• Apartheid – separation of races• No protests tolerated (African

National Congress, Mandela, Biko, Sharpeville massacre 1960, Spear of the Nation)

• World boycotts led by Desmond Tutu• 1990- DeKlerk legalized ANC and

ended Apartheid• 1994 –first open election• Mandela- first Black President

Failed Traditional Rebellion

Western Inspired

Nationalist Movement

(Leaders & Goals)

WWI, WWII, Cold War

Independence Violent or

Non-violent(Events/Methods)

Resurgence of Indigenous Challenges

(Major Problems)

Building a Nation-State

(Structure of new Gov’t)

Modern, but not Western

Society

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM1914-Present

Nasser in Egypt

Ataturk in TurkeyNkrumah in Ghana

Nehru in India

Kenyatta in Kenya

Mao Zedong in China

Challenges of Independence

• Ethnic disputes• Dependent economies• Growing debt• Cultural dependence

on west-> religious revivalism as backlash

• Widespread social unrest

• Military responses to restore order

• Population growth• Resource depletion• Lack of middle class

in some locales• Education deficit and

later, brain drain.• Neo-colonialism

through economic debt.

Conclusions

• Decolonization was sometimes a violent process- dependent in large part on how many settlers had come to the colony.

• In many parts of world, decolonization was not revolutionary. Power passed from one class of elites to another. Little economic and social reform occurred.

• Significant challenges faced independent nations.

• Western economic dominance of the global trade system continued unabated. WHY?

Decolonization in a Global Context

Education

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Imperialism and Decolonization

Mapping interpretations of decolonization in the context ...representing-education.gertrudecotter.info/wp... · Walter Mignolo’s (2000a; 2011) work offers useful metaphors2 that

Essential Question : What was decolonization & how did decolonization impact India & Africa?

Global business context

Colonization Decolonization

Decolonization in India

Decolonization Intro Maps

Global Context

The Global Context LECTURE 5 Culture in a Global Context 2

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Decolonization - Africa