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Keynote presented at afPE London - February 14th 2014
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Living Beyond the material world:
Isn’t it time to develop a pedagogy of technology for physical education?
Dr Ashley Casey
“”“the possibilities are
endless; what is needed is imagination
Fernández-Balboa, 2003
In considering the journey toward technological integration in Physical Education are we missing a vital step?
A B
Are we assuming that change is a
A B
Are we assuming that change is a journey from A to B?
A B
Are we forgetting that change is a often a journey from A to B?
A B
Are we trying to start
A B
straight at
A B
and forgetting where we are now?
A B
at the imagining?
“”
“If I don’t practice for a day, I know
it. If I don’t practice for two days, the critics know it. And if I
don’t practice for three days, the public knows it.
Louis Armstrong
“”“I'm not out there sweating for three
hours every day just to find out what it feels like to sweat.
Michael Jordan
“”“The fight is won or lost far away from
witnesses - behind the lines, in the gym, and out there on the road, long
before I dance under those lights.
Mohammad Ali
Basketball
“
”
10,000 hours. That is the difference between success and non-success, genius and mediocrity
Gladwell 2008
So why when we get one of these ...
Do we expect to take it straight into our
classrooms?
How many hours have we practice with it?
Are we putting the horse before the cart?
Are we putting the horse before the cart?
Are we doing things in the wrong order?
Shouldn’t we decide what to do here?
before buying this...?
or at least bringing it in here?
In other words...
...are we putting the technology before the
pedagogy?
Text
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Pedagogy
Text
1
2
Pedagogy
Technology
Text
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2
3
Pedagogy
Technology
Pedagogy of technology
Text
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2
3
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Pedagogy
Technology
Pedagogy of technology
“Material World”
Text
1
Pedagogy
What is pedagogy?
What is pedagogy?
hard “g”
What is pedagogy?
soft “g”
“”“pedagogy is under-defined, often
referring to no more than a teaching style, a matter of
personality and temperament, the mechanics of securing classroom control to encourage learning,
Lusted, 1986
“”“Yet pedagogy means different things in different langauages
Tinning 2011
“”“the roots of the term come from the ancient greek work Pedagogue
Tinning 2011
“”“a man having the oversight of a child or a youth, an attendant who led the boy from home to school, a man whose occupation is the
instruction of children and youths
Oxford English Dictionary, 1989
Yet the Greeks don’t use the term in this way
In the Czech Republic pedagogy is a negative term
connected with the communist notion of the ideal state.
“”“In Sweden it is a discipline that extends to the consideration of the development of health and bodily fitness, social and moral welfare, ethics and aesthetics...
Tinning 2011
With these mixed meanings it is important to understand
how I am interpreting the term pedagogy.
It appears that the word only really entered the
mainstream vocabulary of education in the last decade
“”“pedagogy [was originally] equated with teaching and instruction and
didactics
Tinning, 2011
“”“[more recently] another term often used in conjunction with
pedagogy is curriculum
Tinning, 2011
“”“Pedagogy as the science of teaching
Tinning 2011
These ideas move beyond
“”“The irreducible three way relationship linking teacher, students and a piece of knowledge to be taught and learned
Amade-Escot 2006
Drawing on the European word ‘didactique’
“”“The notion of pedagogy that we
are working with here can be defined by its three key elements
of learning, teaching and curriculum
Kirk, Macdonald and O’Sullivan 2006
Teaching
Curriculum
Learning
Pedagogy
It becomes the place where teaching, learning and curriculum meet.
“”“Pedagogy is the most profound relationship that an adult can have with a child
Van Manen 1980
It is where we decide what we want to achieve here
By thinking about what ‘she’ needs
within a wider curriculum context
before we buy this
or at least use it here
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Pedagogy
Technology
“”“ Technology in education is
commonly defined as a technical device or tool used to
enhance instruction.
Okojle, Ollnzock and Okejle-Boulder, 2006
Technology
Technology
Hardware
Technology
Hardware
Software
Technology
Hardware
Software
Fixed
Technology
Portable
Hardware
Software
Fixed
Technology
Portable
Social Media
Hardware
Software
Fixed
Technology
Portable
Social Media
Internet
Hardware
Software
Fixed
Technology
???
???
???
???
???
???
“”“It is difficult to imagine schools without technology
Baert, 2012
“”“We are currently preparing students for jobs that don’t yet exist, using technologies that
haven’t yet been invented in order to solve problems that we haven’t
identified as problems yet
Richard Riley
yet
“”“the fact that the massive
investment in technology has had such limited impact on enhancing
student learning is worrying
Tearle and Golder, 2008
But who ‘lives’ in our schools?
Digital Natives
Palfrey and Gasser 2008
“”“Born digital...they all have access to networked digital technologies. And they all have the skills to use
those technologies.
Palfrey and Gasser 2008
Digital Settlers
Palfrey and Gasser 2008
“”“although not native to the digital
environment...often quite sophisticated in their use of these technologies but they also rely on
traditional analog interactions
Palfrey and Gasser 2008
Digital Immigrants
Palfrey and Gasser 2008
“”“learnt how to email and use social networks late in life
Palfrey and Gasser 2008
These are the people contesting the
technological environment
yet
“”“ Fullan (2013) argues that the digital lives of children are haphazard and occur either outside of the classroom (in the free spaces
around school) or more significantly beyond the school gates but not in lessons.
Casey, 2014
But why?
“”“With the integration of
technology into the daily lives of students, there is a concern of
how well teachers are prepared to teach with technology
Hasselbring et al, 2000
for many of the adults in schools and
universities
“”“technology is still an
imposed and novel ‘outsider’ in the pedagogy of schools
Watson, 2001
“”“While technologies have been
found useful within education, studies indicate that teachers do
not feel prepared to use technology in their instruction
McGovern, 2003
It seems essential that
“”“ [teachers] grasp this technological reality and use it both in and
beyond the classroom.
McNeill andFry, 2012
What is said about Technology in PE?
“”“Although discipline-specific technology has been developed,
generally, technology inclusion has not become commonplace in
physical education
Gibbone, Rukavina and Silverman, 2010
“”
“in the UK, the Government’s inspectorate, the Office for
Standards in Education (OFSTED), recently concluded that few schools routinely use Information Communication
Technology (ICT) in PE
OfSTED, 2012
“”“Furthermore, they suggested that
of those schools who do use ICT less than 1 in 10 use it
purposefully to engender student interest or to support learning.
OfSTED, 2012
“”“... best ICT practice in physical
education [was found to be] the use of interactive
whiteboards, still images, digital cameras and video analysis.
OfSTED, 2012
“”“The majority of tools currently used are those
related to traditional computer technologies
Baert, 2012
“”“the commonest use of ICT
was to monitor, assess, record and report on
pupils.
Casey and Jones, 2011
“”“OfSTED reported that less
than 10% of the lessons observed used ICT to stimulate learning and engagement, and
that few schools routinely used ICT in physical education.
OfSTED, 2009
“”“the most widely used piece of ICT equipment
was a compact disc player
Thomas and Stratton, 2006
“”“computer technologies, pedometers and heart rate monitors were tools most
often integrated
Baert, 2012
“”“The disparity between innovation and the current use of technology
in physical education is stark.
Casey and Jones, 2011
“”“technology [is] in danger of
becoming a box ticking exercise in which teachers argue that they
“do that” rather than it being an aid to learning.
Hastie, Casey and Tarter, 2010
“”“it is deeply worrying that the
massive investment in technology has had such limited
impact on enhancing student learning
Tearle and Golder, 2008
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1
2
3
Pedagogy
Technology
Pedagogy of technology
“”“The speed at which such tools are
introduced into society makes one wonder about how technology is integrated within education in a
way that it preserves the quality of effective instruction
Baert, 2012
“”“ Successive Governments have recognised the importance of ITC
in schools [yet] these technologies are only entering
schools very slowly.
Akkoyunlu, 2002
This is despite the fact that
“”“ICT is often perceived as a
catalyst for change, change in teaching style, change in learning approaches, and change in access to information.
Watson, 2001
Yet
“”“ Using technology to enhance the
educational process involves more than just learning how to use specific pieces of hardware and software. It requires an understanding of pedagogical principles that are specific to the use of technology in an instructional settings
Diaz and Bontembal, 2000
“”“in order to use educational technologies effectively, teachers should be trained in the use of
technologies and their integration into the teaching/learning process.
Akkoyunlu, 2002
“”“lack of training, personal comfort levels, availability of
equipment and time
Martin, 2003
“”“educators either teach themselves how to use technology or learn it
from others
Baert, 2012
The key is not to isolate technology from the
pedagogical processes that it is intended to support
“”“ Technology integration is complex and is made up of
processes of interconnected activities.
Okojle et al, 2006
“”“ educational technology
might include media, models, projected and non-projected
visual, as well as audio, video and digital media.
Lever-Duffy, McDonald and Mizell, 2005
“”“ teachers should connect instructional
technology with the learning objectives, methods of instruction, learning style and pace of learning,
assessment and evaluation strategies, including follow-up procedures.
Okojle et al, 2006
“”“ [teachers] did not resist
technology per se but agreed that they could not fully integrate it into their own practices because of the
organisational, administrative, pedagogical, or personal constraints
Leh, 2005
“”“ Infusing technology into a curriculum is less likely to make an impact on students’ learning if technology is not considered as a component of instruction.
Okojle et al, 2006
“”“ The teacher should be able
to assess the appropriateness of any technology used for
teaching and learning in relation to specific instruction.
Okojle et al, 2006
“”
“ When you go to the hardware store to buy a drill, you don’t
actually want a drill, you want a hole, they don’t sell holes at the hardware store, but they do sell drills, which are the technology
used to make holes…
Fletcher, 2006
“”
“…We must not lose sight that technology for the
most part is a tool and it should be used in
applications which address educational concerns.
Fletcher, 2006
“”“ Technology in education is not a mere object to be introduced into teaching and learning activities at
will without considering basic principles of learning and sound
teaching methodology.
Okojle, Ollnzock and Okejle-Boulder, 2006
What pedagogical principles guide the use of technology
for teaching and learning within the curriculum?
Pedagogy
we know how to teach people to film
each other...
...but have we worked out how to teach them about what to film, what to look for, how to give feedback that helps them and the
person/people they filmed to learn and develop?
In his work…
Bozkurt suggested that there were four
fundamental dimensions of technological
integration
Technical Knowledge
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of Opportunities
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of Opportunities
Knowing the Limitations
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of Opportunities
Knowing the Limitations
Pedagogy of Technology
Technical Knowledge
“”“ Teachers need to understand
the technical details of the technology and know how to
use it effectively.
Bozkurt, 2011
“”“In addition, teachers need to
know how to solve lower level technical problems that can occur in relation to that
technology.
Bozkurt, 2011
“”“A teacher also needs to have
a basic understanding of the language and terms (even in a foreign language) used in the
application.
Bozkurt, 2011
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of Opportunities
“”“ One of the basic reasons for using technology is to eliminate
the hard-to-overcome procedures with the help of
technological facilities.
Bozkurt, 2011
In the past feedback was instantaneous. The teacher
watched the performance and gave verbal or even written
feedback
The only record of this was the student’s memory
Yet with apps like “Coaches Eye” or “Ubersense” this
feedback is both instantaneous and ‘saveable’ so students can revisit it as many times as they want
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of
Knowing the Limitations
“”“ It is as important to be aware of the limitations of
technology as is knowing the opportunities it presents
Bozkurt, 2011
Using video analysis technology is limited by the number of computers or tablets you have. Any ratio less than one per student means that
either someone is doing nothing or they are doing something else.
That is not to suggest that you shouldn’t use video
analysis...
just that you do need to know how to compensate
for these limitation
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of
Knowing the Limitations
Pedagogy of Technology
“”“ This is necessary for the
appropriate use of technology for particular
student groups.
Bozkurt, 2011
Like pedagogy itself it is not a ‘one size fits all’
“”“ For example, a teacher
can assess his or her students’ performance
using electronic portfolios
Bozkurt, 2011
“”“ However, to achieve this, the teacher needs to know how to use the technology to support
rather than replace the teaching.
Bozkurt, 2011
“”“In addition, the teacher should be
able to determine which technology is appropriate to use by considering the level of the
student group he or she is teaching
Bozkurt, 2011
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of Opportunities
Knowing the Limitations
Pedagogy of Technology
If we return to our hardware example...
Where we wanted a hole but had to buy a drill...
The teacher should find out what they want to
achieve...
and then find the appropriate technology
...so we put the pedagogy before the
technology
Rather than buying a Birmingham Screwdriver
Rather than buying a Birmingham Screwdriver
Industrial slang for a hammer. A multipurpose tool for fixing problems
Rather than buying a Birmingham Screwdriver
“whack it with that Birmingham driver and see it it works”
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3
4
Pedagogy
Technology
Pedagogy of technology
“Material World”
“”“[we need to consider that] at
even broader societal levels, technological literacy has become
a somewhat unquestioned component of long-term personal
and professional success
Cleary, Pierce,and Trauth, 2006
“”“ 2014, it is estimated that 90% of
all people in the United States will be online with dramatically faster,
high-speed networks
Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes, 2009
“”“ Ninety percent of school-age
youth use the Internet, with adolescents ages 12 to 17
representing the largest and fastest-growing group of users
Greenhow,et al, 2009
“”“ Recent national surveys (in the USA) report that the majority of
teenagers go online daily or several times a day, mostly from home
Greenhow,et al, 2009
However, let’s look at this from a different
perspective
2014, it is estimated that 10% of all people in the United States will not be online
2014, it is estimated that 10% of all people in the United States will not be online
If the USA has a population of 316 million that means that
31.6 Million are not online
Ten percent of school-age youth can’t use the Internet
A minority of teenagers rarely go online and never from home
The digital divide
“”
“We must look at the stark reality that there is a continuing
achievement gap between the rich and the poor, and between whites
and minority students, ... and it will only get bigger if we do not close the digital divide as well.
Richard Riley
“”“inequalities across schools can
involve differences in physical access to ICTs, such as computers
and the internet.
Wood and Howley, 2012
“”“...and teachers simply having the confidence that activities designed
around the World Wide Web would not be foiled by an
unreliable internet connection.
Wood and Howley, 2012
This is another debate but...
When considering ICT use in Physical education it is vital
that we not only consider the dimensions of technological
integration
Technical Knowledge
Awareness of Opportunities
Knowing the Limitations
Pedagogy of Technology
i.e. we identify the hole here
and then use the correct tools
we also need to consider
we also need to consider
How all children access this technology
thanks for listening
I can be found on twitter@DrAshCasey
Where I talk about physical education
research
Image ReferencesSlide 1 - apple wireless keyboard and magic mouse by duckycards on iStock Slide 12 -[Portrait of Louis Armstrong, Carnegie Hall, New York, N.Y., ca. Apr. 1947] (LOC) on Flickr Slide 13 - Michael Jordan from Nike Slide 14 - zoom_Greenlight_MuhammadAli_1 Slide 15 - trumpet by rachelb56 on flickr Slide 16 - basketball by Curtis M. Kularski on flickr Slide 17 - boxing glove by kaybee07 on flickr Slide 18 - time by songallery on Flickr Slide 19 - iStockphoto editorial Slide 20 - iStockphoto Slide 59 - Happy Birthday by Maria Pavlova on iStockphoto.jpg Slide 60 - Flickr Slide 94 - old fashioned basketball court by ryanmcginnisphoto on flickr.jpg Slide 186 - Little boy & family with digital tablet from iStock
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