View
134
Download
6
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Disease or Abnormality
Lactose intolerace - no lactase enzyme to break
down lactose in milk
Diabetes - most common endocrine disorder in
which you don't produce insulin (type 1) or you are
insulin resistant (type 2)
Hyperthyroidism - too much thyroid hormone
(symptom weight loss)
Hypothyroidsim - too little thyroid hormone
(symptom weight gain)
Hyperparathyroidism - too much parathyroid
hormone (symptoms = weak bones,kidney stones)
Above: A severely affected 14-year-old hypothyroid girl with puffiness around
the eyes, thickened lips, depressed root of the nose (saddle nose), and straight,
coarse hair. The second picture was taken after only 6 months of treatment with
desiccated thyroid. Note the elevated bridge of the nose, brighter eyes, thinner
lips, and glossy, curly hair. Her constipation had resolved and her appetite
improved.
Adult woman with the characteristic puffiness that often accompanies
hypothyroidism.
Her puffiness and hair texture markedly improve after treatment with
desiccated thyroid.
Crushing's syndrome - cortisol overproduction (adrenal
gland disease)
Conn's syndrome - aldosterone overproduction (adrenal
gland disease)
Krabbe's disease - inherited, demyelinating, human lipid
storage disease; manifestations include convulsions,
quadriplegia, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation.
Fucosidosis - rare progressive biochemical disorder
involving deficiency of an enzyme (alpha-fucosidase) which
results in accumulation of certain chemicals
(glycosphingolipids) in the central nervous system and other
body tissues
Disease or Abnormality VITAMIN A: (RETINOL)
The important deficiency states due to lack of vitamin A in the diet are:
Night Blindness: In the early stages of vitamin A deficiency, the individual cannot see well in dim light. In advanced deficiency, the subject cannot see objects in dim light.
Xerosis Conjunctiva: The conjunctiva is dry, thickened, wrinkled and pigmented. The pigmentation gives conjunctiva a smoky appearance.
Xerosis Cornea: When dryness spreads to cornea, it takes on a hazy, lusterless appearance.
Bitot’s Spots: Greyish glistening white plaques, formed of desquamated thickened conjuctival epithelium, usually triangular in shape and firmly adhering to the conjuctiva.
Keratomalacia: When xerosis of the conjuctiva and cornea is not treated, it may develop into a condition known as keratomalacia.
Follicullar Hyperkeratosis: The skin becomes rough and dry.
Folic acid deficiency causes megaloblasticanaemia mainly in pregnant women of low income groups.
VITAMIN B12
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes periniciousanemia in humans. Soreness and inflammation of the tongue are commonly observed. Parasthesia (numbness and tingling) occurs in fingers and toes. Persons living exclusively on vegetarian diets develop vitamin B12 deficiency.
Anemia - B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a low red blood cell count due to a lack of vitamin B12. Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells.
Paraesthesia
Vitamin B5 is found in nearly every food, and deficiencies are found in people who have been starving, volunteers of particular medical studies, and people on diets restricted to a very small number of foods. A deficiency in vitamin B5 causes chronic paraesthesia. Paraesthesia is most familiar to us as the numbing sensation we feel as „pins and needles‟ or a limb „falling asleep‟.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is a nutritional disorder characterized by nerve, brain, and heart abnormalities. Thiamine is a member of the group of vitamins known as B-complex vitamins.
Beriberi is a disease whose symptoms include weight loss, body weakness and pain, brain damage, 9
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Severe Vitamin C deficiency results in
the development of the disease scurvy
Vitamin B3, also known as Niacin, is
a B complex vitamin that is used by
the body mainly to aid in the
conversion of complex carbohydrates
into glucose.
Pellagra is a vitamin B3 , (Niacin)
deficiency
VITAMIN B6 OR PYRIDOXINE
Pyridoxine deficiency results in the
following:
a) Hypochromic microcytic anaemia.
b) Sleep disturbances, irritability and
depression
c) Angular stomatitis, glossitis and
cheilosis in pregnant and lactating
mothers.
Iron Deffeciency - Anaemia
Anaemia is an umbrella term
employed for a number of
conditions that arise as a result of
a low proportion of red blood cells
or a shortage of haemoglobin in
the red blood cells
Calcium DeficiencyThere are two types of calcium deficiency:
Dietary calcium deficiency is a condition in which there is an inadequate calcium intake, which can lead to depleted calcium stores in the bones, thinning and weakening of the bones, and osteoporosis.
Hypocalcemia is a low level of calcium in the blood. It can occur from taking medications, such as diuretics; medical treatments; or disease processes, such as renal failure or hypoparathyroidism.
Vitamin K Deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency is a nutritional
disorder in which the blood fails to clot
normally, resulting in excessive
bleeding.
Infants with VK deficiency are at risk
for hemorrhagic disease of newborn
Vitamin K is necessary for the
correct blood clotting process. Lack of
it can cause excessive bleeding from
wounds, and excessive bruising from
knocks and bumps.
Body Fluids
Body Fluids Two-thirds of body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF) and one-third is extracellular fluid (ECF), mainly blood plasma, transcellular fluid and interstitial fluid (ISF). The ICF is primarily a solution of potassium and organic anions, and proteins.
The ECF is primarily a NaCl and naHCO3 solution.
Blood
Blood is a highly specialized
circulating tissue consisting of several
types of cells suspended in a fluid
medium known as plasma. The
cellular constituents are red blood
cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Functions of Blood
Supply of oxygen
Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
Removal of wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea and lactic acid
Immunological functions
Coagulation
Messenger functions
Regulation of body pH
Regulation of core body temperature
General Compositions
Blood consists of fluid portion, the plasma and the formed elements.
Composition of the red blood cells:Water - 80%Hemoglobin - 35%Proteins - like nucleoprotein and globulinLipids - like cholesterol and
lecithin Inorganic salts and organic crystalloids
like urea, amino acids, and glucose
White blood cells or leukocytes (3%)
- White blood cells are part of the
immune system, they destroy
infectious agents, pathogens.
Platelets or Thrombocytes (1.0%)
- Platelets are tiny cells that circulate
in the blood and whose function is to
take part in the clotting process.
Urine
Urine is a liquid produced by animals and humans alike through the kidney, and is collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra. Urine formation helps to maintain the balance of minerals and other substances in the body. For example, excess of calcium, alcohol and artificial sweeteners, are also eliminated from the body through the urine. Urination is the primary method for excreting toxins, chemicals, and drugs from the body.
Factors that influence the amount
of urine output:
1. Time
2. Age
3. Foods
4. Temperature
5. Exercise
Changes in Urine volume:
1. Polyuria – increase in production of urine
ex. Diabetes, receding edema
2. Oliguria – decrease in production of urine
ex. Diarrhea, vomiting
3. Anuria – suppression of urine
ex. Kidney failure, kidney obstruction
4. Nocturia – increased urine production at
night
ex. prostate cancer, chronic kidney
disease
Urine is produced by the kidneys as a
process of cleaning the blood and
excreting the unwanted soluble waste
products from the body. Kidney
maintain fluid balance, it filters, cleans
and purifies about 150 – 180 liters of
blood and recycles it daily. The urine
formed in the kidney is drained by
ureter into the bladder for storage. The
urethra brings out the urine from the
bladder, when time and place permit.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless
liquid that fills and surrounds the brain
and the spinal cord and provides a
mechanical barrier against shock.
Formed primarily in the ventricles of the
brain, the cerebrospinal fluid supports
the brain and provides lubrication
between surrounding bones and the
brain and spinal cord. It is a very pure
saline solution with microglia and acts as
a “cushion” or buffer for the cortex.
Normal CSF is clear and colorless. If it is…
1. Bright red – admixture of fresh blood after a
lumbar puncture; centrifugation would produce
a clear supernatant.
2. Dull red or brown – hemorrhage in case of skull
fracture and meningitis; supernatant is yellow
or red due to hemoglobin.
3. Yellow (xanthochromic) – due to blood
pigments resulting from dsinitegration of red
blood cells in subarachnoid space
4. Greenish or grayish – pus cells in severe
inflammatory conditions and acute meningitis
Sweat Sweat is a clear, salty liquid produced by
glands in your skin. Sweating is how the body cools itself. If one sweat too much, which is called hyperhidrosis, it might be due to a thyroid or nervous system disorder, low blood sugar or another health problem.
Sweating too little, anhidrosis, can be a life-threatening because the body can overheat. Causes of anhidrosis include dehydration, burns, and some skin and nerve orders.
How Sweat is Made
Sweat is produced in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. Eccrine gland is found all over the body particularly the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet and forehead. Apocrine gland mostly confined to the armpits (axilla) and the anal-genital area. Sweat itself has no odor, but when bacteria on the skin and hair metabolize the proteins and fatty acids, they produce an unpleasant odor.
Reasons for the formation of
Sweat Sweating is one of the ways we
regulate our body temperature
Sweat helps to keep our skin moist
Sweat from some areas of the body
contains scents (pheromones) that
send secret signals to other people
Sweat contains a natural antibiotic,
dermicidin, that helps to destroy
bacteria on the skin
Feces
Feces is a waste product from an animal‟s digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. The distinctive odor of feces is due to bacterial action. Foods that are naturally high in sulfur – such as cabbage, broccoli, and other cruciferous vegetables and some types of protein – and therefore, strong-smelling feces is produced. Sulfur compounds are also added to foods like beer and bread as preservatives. Even without a major dietary source, some people produce sulfur-rich stool because their large intestines are heavily colonized by bacteria that generate sulfur compounds.
Consistency
Feces are normally about 75% water. Soft feces can lead to incontinence and passive soiling. Hard feces can cause constipation.
Fiber intake also influences stool consistency because it tends to hold on to water as it passes through the large intestine. Diets high in fiber from fruit, vegetables and whole grains have multitude of health benefits.
Feces are made up of 75% water and 25% solid matter.
Physical Characteristics:
1. Color
ex. Brown – normal
Dark gray – chocolate
Dark brown or black – bismuth and iron compounds
Golden yellow – unchanged bilirubin
Green – diarrhea of children with faulty carbohydrate
metabolism
Clay color – bile deficiency, indicates jaundice
Red streaks of blood – bleeding due to hemorrhoids,
carcinoma or lesions of rectum or anus
2. Odor – very foul odor may suggest intestinal or rectum
ulcerration; also observed in cancer, syphilis and gangrenous
dysentery
3. Form and consistency
Soft and watery –diarrhea
Very hard – constipation
Hard rounded, scybalous – atony of the colon
(appendix infection), sign of fecal impaction
Flattened ribbon-like stools – obstruction of the
colon
4. Amount – 80 to 200 grams are eliminated daily,
bulk incresaes with large amounts of vegetable in the
diet. Gases eliminated with feces: hydrogen,
methane, nitrogen, CO2 and H2S
Recommended