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GENERAL ASPECTS GENERAL ASPECTS OF MUSCLESOF MUSCLES
DEFINATION OF MUSCLESDEFINATION OF MUSCLES
It is a contractile tissue which brings about It is a contractile tissue which brings about movementmovement
It is one of the mechanical effector organ of It is one of the mechanical effector organ of the bodythe body
Four important characteristics being Four important characteristics being excitability, contractility, extensibility and excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticityelasticity
May be regarded as organs consisting of May be regarded as organs consisting of muscular and connecting tissuesmuscular and connecting tissues
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLESCLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
DEVELOPMEMTAL CLASSIFICATIONDEVELOPMEMTAL CLASSIFICATION 1.Ectodermal e.g sphincter and 1.Ectodermal e.g sphincter and
dilator pupillaedilator pupillae 2.Endodrmal e.g myoepitheliocytes 2.Endodrmal e.g myoepitheliocytes
of salivary glandsof salivary glands 3.Mesodermal e.g rest of the 3.Mesodermal e.g rest of the
muscles including skeletal, smooth muscles including skeletal, smooth and cardiac musclesand cardiac muscles
STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
Striated musclesStriated muscles SkeletalSkeletal CardiacCardiac
Non striated musclesNon striated muscles
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE Geometrical shape e.g rhomboid,trapezoidGeometrical shape e.g rhomboid,trapezoid Number of heads of origin e.g bicepsNumber of heads of origin e.g biceps Location e.g temporalis,supraspinatousLocation e.g temporalis,supraspinatous Structural appearance e.g semitendinosusStructural appearance e.g semitendinosus Attachments e.g stylohoidAttachments e.g stylohoid Functions e.g adductor longusFunctions e.g adductor longus Direction of fibres e.g rectus, transversusDirection of fibres e.g rectus, transversus Size e.g minimus, maximusSize e.g minimus, maximus Position e.g palmar, superficialisPosition e.g palmar, superficialis
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLESMUSCLES
TWO ENDSTWO ENDSORIGIN, INSERTIONORIGIN, INSERTION
TWO PARTSTWO PARTSFLESHY : BellyFLESHY : BellyFIBROUS : Tendons, AponeurosisFIBROUS : Tendons, Aponeurosis
STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLEMUSCLE
CONTRACTILE TISSUECONTRACTILE TISSUEFibres,FibrilsFibres,Fibrils
SUPPORTING TISSUESUPPORTING TISSUE Endomysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Perimysium,
EpimysiumEpimysium
MODES OF ATTACHMENTS MODES OF ATTACHMENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLESOF SKELETAL MUSCLES
CartilagesCartilages• Inferior constrictor muscles of pharynx from thyroid Inferior constrictor muscles of pharynx from thyroid
cartilage of larynxcartilage of larynx FasciaFascia
• Platysma muscle of neck from fascia covering pectoralis Platysma muscle of neck from fascia covering pectoralis major and deltoidmajor and deltoid
TendonsTendons• Lumbricals of hand and foot from long flexor muscles of Lumbricals of hand and foot from long flexor muscles of
digitsdigits LigamentsLigaments
• Trapezius from ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous Trapezius from ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligamentsligaments
CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLESMUSCLES
ARCHITECTURAL CLASSIFICATIONARCHITECTURAL CLASSIFICATION A. PARALLEL MUSCLESA. PARALLEL MUSCLES 1.QUADRILATERAL e.g thyrohyoid1.QUADRILATERAL e.g thyrohyoid 2.STRAP e.g sartorius2.STRAP e.g sartorius 3.FUSIFORM e.g biceps brachii 3.FUSIFORM e.g biceps brachii
B. OBLIQUE MUSCLESB. OBLIQUE MUSCLES 1.TRIANGULAR e.g temporalis1.TRIANGULAR e.g temporalis 2.CIRCULAR e.g orbicularis oculi2.CIRCULAR e.g orbicularis oculi 3.DIGASTRIC e.g omohyoid3.DIGASTRIC e.g omohyoid 4.PENNATE4.PENNATE UNIPENNATE e.g flexor policis longusUNIPENNATE e.g flexor policis longus BIPENNATE e.g dorsal interossei, flexor hallucis BIPENNATE e.g dorsal interossei, flexor hallucis
longuslongus MULTIPENNATE e.g deltoidMULTIPENNATE e.g deltoid C.SPIRAL/TWISTED FASCICULI e.g pectoralis majorC.SPIRAL/TWISTED FASCICULI e.g pectoralis major
REGIONAL CLASSIFICATIONREGIONAL CLASSIFICATION
MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECKMUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES OF ABDOMEN, THORAX MUSCLES OF ABDOMEN, THORAX
AND PELVISAND PELVIS MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMBMUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMBMUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB
COLOR AND CONTRACTIONCOLOR AND CONTRACTION
RED MUSCLESRED MUSCLES
WHITE MUSCLESWHITE MUSCLES
INTERMEDIATE TYPEINTERMEDIATE TYPE
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION
PRIME MOVERSPRIME MOVERS ANTAGONISTSANTAGONISTS SYNERGISTSSYNERGISTS FIXATORSFIXATORS
NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLESMUSCLES
MOTOR FIBRESMOTOR FIBRES SENSORY FIBRESSENSORY FIBRES MUSCLE SPINDLESMUSCLE SPINDLES MOTOR POINTMOTOR POINT MOTOR UNITMOTOR UNIT
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MUSCLESMUSCLES
PARALYSISPARALYSIS MUSCULAR STRAIN AND SPASMMUSCULAR STRAIN AND SPASM ATROPHY AND HYPERETROPHYATROPHY AND HYPERETROPHY REGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLEREGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MYSTHENIA GRAVISMYSTHENIA GRAVIS POLYMYOSITISPOLYMYOSITIS ANGINA PECTORISANGINA PECTORIS MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIAMYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
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