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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
The breast
By: P.D.Sanaa El-SherbinyMansoura University
Structure of mammary gland
1. clavicle 2. superficial fascia 3. glandular tissue 4. lactiferous duct 5. lactiferous sinus 6. areola 7. nipple 8. rib 9. intercostal muscles 10.pleura 11.pleural cavity
Histological structure
• The breast is formed of compound tubulo-alveolar glands covered by thin skin.
Mammary gland
• These are a pair of compound tubulo-alveolar glands to nourish new- borns
• The histological structure varies according to sex ,age & physiologic status
The covering skin shows:
1.Areola: central pink area of skin, deeply pigmented during pregnancy
2.Nipple: –An elevation in the center of the areola–It contains 15-25 opening of lactiferous
duct
1. Stroma–Interlobar septa: thick
• fibrous C.T. called “suspensory ligaments of cooper”
–Interlobular septa–Adipose C.T–Loose C.T :contain fibroblasts ,lymph-
ocytes , plasma cell & macrophages
2. Parenchyma– Contains duct system and secretory
unitsIn resting gland there is no secretory
units– Duct system consists of:1.Intralobular ducts: in the lobules ,lined
with 2 layers of cubical cells2.Lactiferous ducts: results from union of
intralobular ducts, dilated to form lactiferous sinuses , their proximal parts lined with st.col .Epith.
3.Lactiferous sinuses and terminal parts are lined with st. sq. epith.
During puberty• Their development forms one of the 2ry sex
characters1. Increase in vol. of ducts with cell
proliferation2. accumulation of adipose tissue in the
inter lobar and interlobular C.T.• All these changes are due to in ovarian
hormones with minimal appearance of alveoli at time of ovulation where estrogen reaches peak there is in adipocytes lipid acc.and breast in size
Resting non lactating glands
During pregnancy• The glands undergo intense growth
due to proliferation of ducts + production of secretory tubules and alveoli
• The C.T. stroma and adipose tissue decrease
• No visible signs of secretion except in late pregnancy
Secretory alveoli• Begin to appear at the 6th month of pregnancy• They are lined with columnar epith.• They are surrounded by myoepithelial cells• They contain colostrum in late months of
• Pregnancy ***Their mode of secretion is
apocrine • Mode of secretion.
Hormones controlling breast enlargement
1-Ovarian hormones :Estrogen increases during pregnancy acting on duct system
2-Progestrone by (corpus luteum ) 2-placental hormons act on secretory alveoli
• Placental Hormones are :progestrone ,placental mammotrophins 3-Anterior pituitary: growth h &prolactin h.
4-Suprarenal: glucocorticoids.
Lactating mammary gland• Consists of compound tubulo-alveolar• gland
1.Stroma is thin2.Parenchyma is formed of duct system and alveoli3.Alveoli are lined by columnar or cubical epith. Filled with
vacuolated milk secretion4.Milk secretion is controlled by5.Prolactin which stimulate alveolar cells secretion6.Oxytocin: contraction of myo-epithelial Cells ,squeezes
alveoli cause milk ejection
In lactation• Milk acc. In the lumen of secretory part
and ducts • Cells. Milk containing lipid vacuoles and
also protein vacuoles• Milk composition :
1. Lipid 4%2. Protein 1.5%3. Lactose 7%
• Colostrum : it contains less fat and more proteins and rich in antibodies (IgA)
Active lactating mammary gland
Lactating versus resting glands
Keep smiley!!!
• Thank you
revision
Histological structure of the skin
• Formed of two layers:
• 1- Epidermis • 2- Dermis
Types:1-THICK SKIN• EPIDERMIS: IS THICK:0.8mm in palm ,1.4 mm
in sole.• Contains 4 types of cells:• 1-keratinocytes (85% of cells)• 2-Melanocytes• 3-Langerhans cells• 4-Merkel cells• ِ�Arranged in five layers.
Layers of epidermis are • Stratum basale
(germinativum)• Stratum spinosum• Stratum granulosum• Stratum lucidum (may not
be present)• Stratum corneum
Thin skin
SWEAT GLANDS• Merocrine glands:• Allover the body• Secretory cells 2types• Clear cells cubical rich in
glycogen granules.• Dark with narrow basal part
with • Apical glycoprotein granules• Myoepithelialt cells• Ducts lined by 2layers of cubical
cells
• Apocrine glands:• Axilla,groin,pubic region• Secretory part similar • To mero. With • Wider lumen• Their ducts are lined • With 2 layers of cubical cells
but open into hair follicles• Secretion stim.by sex
• hormones
sweat glandsTwo types of sweat glands
– Eccrine• Not associated with hair follicle• Duct segment
– less coiled, leads to epidermis– Stratified cuboidal epithelium
• Secretory segment– in deep dermis or hypodermis– Secretory cells– Myoepithelial cells lie between
secretory cells, contraction expels sweat
– Apocrine• Found in limited areas• Empty into hair follicle
Structures of skin: hair follicle• Invagination of epidermis• Hair contains keratin and melanin• Dermal papilla
– Connective tissue invagination into bulb, has capillary network
• Matrix– Germinative layer adjacent to
dermal papilla– Also contains melanocytes
• Sebaceous gland– Secretion empties into hair
follicle• Arrector pili muscle
– Smooth muscle, inserts on hair follicle and base of epidermis
bulb
(dermal papilla)
The hair is formed of• Shaft: medulla, cortex and cuticle• The hair follicle is formed of :
• Inner root sheath formed of:• Cuticle ,Huxleys layer,Henles layer• Outer root sheath: identical with
Malpighian• Layer of epidermis
• Connective tissue sheath.
ECCRINE AND APOCRINE GANDS
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