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Lecture on Technology Enhanced Learning at Graz University of Technology, 2013
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Instructional Design
Instructional Technology
The use of technology (computers, compact disc, interactive media, modem, satellite, teleconferencing, etc.) to support learning
Instructional design
The process by which instruction is improved through the analysis of learning needs and systematic development of learning materials
Instructional designer
Instructional designers often use Instructional design as a method to create instructional material
Instructional Design model
A systematic guidelines instructional designers follow in order to create a workshop, a course, a curriculum, an instructional program, or a training session (McGriff, 2001)
Instructional Design Models
Dick and Cary Instructional Design Model (1978)
Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction (1992)
Smith and Ragan Model (1993)
kemp, Morrison, and Ross (1994)
ASSURE Model Heinch, Molenda, Russell, Smaldino (1996)
The five stages of instructional Design
A
D
D
Analysis
Design
Implement
Evaluate
ADDIE
I
E
Develop
The ADDIE model
The ADDIE model provides instructional designers with a framework in order to make sure that their instructional products are effective . ADDIE stands for the steps of the model.
Steps of Analysis stage q Analysis on the students q Analysis on the learning environment q Analysis on the Teaching content
Analysis Pre-planning; thinking about the project
q Analysis on the students Ø Students’ particulars such as characters,
age, gender, and level in learning. Ø previous knowledge that the students have. Ø students’ learning style. ( There are some who find it easy to understand a
new concept if given visual aids, some who like working in groups and some who like working individually)
Analysis
q Analysis on the learning environment Resources that are available in school or some
organization such as: tools, cost, timeline, place of learning, will determine the method of presentation
q Analysis on the Teaching content In this stage the designer organize the
content , and divide it into units , and each unit into tasks and learning activities
Analysis
Steps of Designing stage q Designing learning objectives q Choosing teaching strategies q Designing user interface q Designing the storyboard
Designing Design your project on paper
q Design learning objectives Ø Writing good, sound learning objectives that answer the question
“What will the learner be able to DO once they complete this training” Ø Learning Objectives are usually set for three domains:
Designing
Cognitive: Creating new knowledge
Affective: Developing feelings and emotions
Psychomotor :Enhancing physical and manual skills
q Are designed to increase individual knowledge .Cognitive objectives relate to understanding, comprehension, and critical thinking on a particular topic
q Examples: Ø Define the instructional technology Ø Describe the meaning of instructional design Ø Recall the different models of instructional
design
Cognitive Learning Objectives
Designing • Understanding the various levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy can
help you answer this question. The six levels of the Bloom’s Taxonomy are:
1- Knowledge
2- comprehension
3- Application
4- Analysis
5- Synthesis
6- Evaluation
q Are designed to describe the way people react emotionally / it describes the growth in (attitudes- emotions- feeling)
q Examples Ø Listen to others with respect Ø Recognize the need for balance between
freedom and responsible behaviors Ø Show self reliance when working
independently
Affective Objectives
q Are designed to describe the ability to physical manipulate a tool or instrument like hand or a hammer
q Examples Ø Make a design for an instructional material Ø Drive a car Ø Use personal computer
Psychomotor Objectives
Ø Choosing teaching strategies There are various teaching strategies that are
commonly used in systematic teaching based on situation and learners. (Some of them are
: drilling, tutorial, games and simulation)
Designing
Ø Design the storyboard It is one of the most important steps of designing phase,
Storyboard is a graphic organize in the form of illustrations or iamges displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, or interactive media sequence.
instructional designer is the one that creates the storyboard to guide the programming team who design the project. It allows them to see what the instructional designer wants to create .
The first step in creating a storyboard is to draw a series of squares on a piece of paper . Think of these squares as the video frame. In each square a different shot or scene will take place.
Designing
• You can sketch the scenes by hand or create them on a computer or even. Make sure to leave space to write notes and lines from the script beneath or next to each frame.
Designing
q Design the User Interface Ø The goal of user interface design is to make the user's interaction as
simple and efficient as possible, in terms of accomplishing user goals.
Ø Below are a number of principles and ideas for designing a great user interface.
• Consistency is Vital • Your Users Will Make Mistakes • Offer Personalization Options • Use Tabbed Navigation and Buttons for Actions • Keep Things Simple • Display help messages that attract the eye • Design feedback messages carefully • Short sign-up forms • Enable Keyboard Shortcuts
Steve Jobs once said, “design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works
Designing
• How to Design a Great User Interface
How to Design a Great User Interface
Ø The development phase is the process of authoring and producing the course.
Ø It is the actual creation of the content and learning materials based on the design phase.
Development Develop course materials and assemble the course
q Now, it's time to put the course in front of the learners and measure how they interact with the materials.
q During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators and the learners is developed.
Ø The facilitators' training should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, method of delivery, and testing procedures.
Ø Preparation of the learners include training them on new tools (software or hardware), student registration. and field testing the learning environment for completeness, user-friendliness, and quality
Implementing The content is put into action with real students within the learning Environment
q Two Types of Evaluation Ø Formative evaluation Information for this type of
evaluation is collected while going through each of the stages to further improve the teaching and learning process. In order to avoid from having a big problem that can only be detected after a program had been developed.
Ø Summative Evaluation This type of evaluation is done towards the end of the teaching and learning process to evaluate and make any necessary changes for the next session of teaching and learning.
Evaluation Look at the course outcomes with a critical eye
An example for an instructional material (amoral story for kids)
Type of instructional material
Title of the instructional material
Designing an instructional material
q Learning Objectives After studying this instructional material , students have to:
Ø memorize the number of kitchen items
Ø Identify the function of each kitchen item
Ø Know the real meaning of co-operation
Ø Stop proud of ourselves
q Choosing teaching strategy The instructor selected the storytelling as a teaching strategy to teach his students the real meaning of co-operation ,and to tell his students not to proud of themselves because every one has his own talents
q Design the storyboard
Audio Video Screen shot
There was a beautiful house
Far shoot for a house, move to a close one
It has an attractive kitchen
Zoom in for aside of kitchen
Design the User Interface
play
A funny Kitchen
When you click on play , the story begins
q References Ø http://edweb.sdsu.edu/Courses/EDTEC700/ETP/addie.htm Ø http://goanimate.com/video-maker-tips/what-is-a-storyboard-
and-why-do-you-need-one/ Ø http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard Ø http://www.instructionaldesign.org/models/addie.html Ø http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html Ø http://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/htm/
IDC_instructionaldesignmodels.htm#dickcarey Ø http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiLLz1SaxGc Ø http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html Ø http://www.siue.edu/~jomarsh/models.html Ø http://www.krummefamily.org/guides/bloom.html Ø http://uxdesign.smashingmagazine.com/2009/01/19/12-useful-
techniques-for-good-user-interface-design-in-web-applications Ø http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2010/10/how-to-design-a-
great-user-interface/
Instructional Design for E-Learning
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