Rahsaan Maxwell UNC-CH 140829

What Makes Muslims Feel French?Forthcoming in Social Forces

Rahsaan MaxwellUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Erik BleichMiddlebury College

August 29, 2014

Immigrant integration in Europe

Long history of migration dating to 19th century

Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII

1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding

1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges

Immigrant integration in Europe

Long history of migration dating to 19th century

Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII

1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding

1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges

Immigrant integration in Europe

Long history of migration dating to 19th century

Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII

1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding

1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges

Immigrant integration in Europe

Long history of migration dating to 19th century

Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII

1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding

1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges

Immigrant integration in Europe

Long history of migration dating to 19th century

Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII

1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding

1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges

Muslim integration

Intense cultural and ideological differences

Post-colonial tensions

Extremism and Global War on Terror

Muslim integration

Intense cultural and ideological differences

Post-colonial tensions

Extremism and Global War on Terror

Muslim integration

Intense cultural and ideological differences

Post-colonial tensions

Extremism and Global War on Terror

Muslim integration

Intense cultural and ideological differences

Post-colonial tensions

Extremism and Global War on Terror

General research question: How do we understand Muslimnational identity

Loyalty and allegiance

Social cohesion

General research question: How do we understand Muslimnational identity

Loyalty and allegiance

Social cohesion

General research question: How do we understand Muslimnational identity

Loyalty and allegiance

Social cohesion

Muslims in France

Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million

Intense debates about headscarf, veils

Muslims in France

Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million

Intense debates about headscarf, veils

Muslims in France

Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million

Intense debates about headscarf, veils

Muslims in France

Muslims in France

Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million

Intense debates about headscarf, veils

French tradition of laıcite

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification

5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification

5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French

1. More religiosity → less French identification

2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification

3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification

4. More segregated networks → less French identification

5. Immigrant integration is key

5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification

Data

French legal limitations and cultural taboos

Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009

Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706

Sample bias

Data

French legal limitations and cultural taboos

Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009

Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706

Sample bias

Data

French legal limitations and cultural taboos

Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009

Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706

Sample bias

Data

French legal limitations and cultural taboos

Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009

Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706

Sample bias

Data

French legal limitations and cultural taboos

Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009

Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706

Sample bias

Responses to question ’I feel French’

Logistic regression results for ’I feel French’

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Religiosity -1.37*** -1.25*** (0.28) (0.28) Socio-economic status 1.49*** 0.45 (0.37) (0.41) Social network -1.72*** -1.41*** Segregation (0.19) (0.19) Immigrant integration 2.74*** 2.61*** (0.26) (0.28) Constant 2.09*** 0.67*** 2.04*** -0.34** 1.19*** (0.21) (0.13) (0.12) (0.11) (0.29) Observations 4108 4108 4108 4108 4108 Pseudo R2 0.012 0.008 0.040 0.099 0.137

Note: Weighted data. Covariates are latent variables and have been coded from 0 to 1.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Change in predicted probabilities for ’I feel French’

Note: The difference in the predicted probability of a positive ‘I feel French’ response as independent variables change from the bottom to the top quartiles of the latent variable of

interest, with other variables set to their mean values. For social networks, ‘High’ is segregated and ‘Low’ is assimilated.

-.4-.2

0.2

.4

Religiosity SES Social networks Immigrant integ.

Subsets of Muslims: Sex

Subsets of Muslims: National Origin

Summary

Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification

Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification

Next step: Compare with other groups

Summary

Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification

Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification

Next step: Compare with other groups

Summary

Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification

Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification

Next step: Compare with other groups

Summary

Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification

Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification

Next step: Compare with other groups

Christians: Change in predicted probability of ’I feelFrench’

Immigrant-origin Christians: Change in predictedprobability of ’I feel French’

Western-origin Christians: Change in predicted probabilityof ’I feel French’

Non-Western-origin Christians: Change in predictedprobability of ’I feel French’

What accounts for overall differences in positive Frenchidentification?

Non-Muslims more positive than Muslims

Can differences in immigrant integration account for this?

What accounts for overall differences in positive Frenchidentification?

Non-Muslims more positive than Muslims

Can differences in immigrant integration account for this?

What accounts for overall differences in positive Frenchidentification?

Non-Muslims more positive than Muslims

Can differences in immigrant integration account for this?

Coefficients: Native non-Muslims vs. Muslims

Coefficients: Immigrant-origin non-Muslims vs. Muslims

Coefficients: Christians vs. Muslims

Coefficients: Immigrant-origin Christians vs. Muslims

Coefficients: Western-origin Christians vs. Muslims

Coefficients: Non-Western-origin Christians vs. Muslims

Conclusion

Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims

Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification

Most Muslims have positive French identification

Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity

Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove

To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?

Conclusion

Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims

Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification

Most Muslims have positive French identification

Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity

Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove

To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?

Conclusion

Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims

Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification

Most Muslims have positive French identification

Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity

Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove

To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?

Conclusion

Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims

Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification

Most Muslims have positive French identification

Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity

Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove

To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?

Conclusion

Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims

Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification

Most Muslims have positive French identification

Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity

Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove

To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?

Conclusion

Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims

Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification

Most Muslims have positive French identification

Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity

Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove

To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?

Conclusion

Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims

Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification

Most Muslims have positive French identification

Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity

Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove

To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?