Ses 1 basic fundamentals of mathematics and statistics

Basic fundamentals of Mathematics and

Statistics

Or

How to make the numbers say whatever you

want.

Determining the difference between chance and real effects

The average American sleeps 8 hours a night

The average American sleeps 8.2 hours a night

The average American sleeps 8.2339 hours a night

A person wearing red is 129 times more likely to be gored by a charging bull!

1

4

3

4

3222

27

Mean = 4.8

Median = 3

Mode = 2

0

6

5

27

4321

27

Mean = 7.5

Median = 4

Mode = 27

1

24

23

26

2211

27

Mean = 10.7

Median = 2

Mode = 1

Topics: Basic foundationVariablesMatrixFractions, ratio and proportionSolving equationsGraphsPreparing frequency tablePermutation ,combination, Probability.

Introduction to Statistics5W 1H What is Statistics? When to apply Statistics? Where to apply Statistics? Who has contributed largely to Statistics? -> Which are the different tools of Statistics?

-> How to apply Statistics?

Definition of Statistics:A.L. Bowley defined statistics as“Statistics is the science of counting”

“science of averages”

Secrist has given a detailed definition of statistics

“Statistics are the numerical statement of facts capable of analysis and interpretation and the science of statistics is the study of the principles and the methods applied in collecting, presenting, analysis and interpreting the numerical data in any field of inquiry.”   

Need of Statistics

To approve or disapprove any economic theory.

To reveal the structure of the economy.To Plan a strategy.To access the success of programmes

and policies of the government.

Frequently used Statistical terms:

DataVariablePopulationSample

-> Under Data Collection1) Primary Data2) Secondary Data

Application in different fields.1)mathematics 2)computers 3)quality control 4)astronomy 5)financial corporation 6)engineering 7)banking 8)insurance

9)business administration 10) software companies11)media 12)federal government 13)industries 14)sales and production

15)wars 16)biostatistics 17) sports 18)business schools 19)Surveys 20)Pshychology studies 21)politics

Different Statistical Software's used in companies:-SASMATLABMINITABR(freely downloadable from net)SPSSSYSTATMYSTAT

Limitations Statistical laws are not exact. Statistics measures the

variability of a measurement, not the accuracy of a measurement.

Statistics analyses quantitative data. As a matter of fact, qualitative phenomenon like honesty, poverty, beauty, intelligence etc, cannot be expressed numerically and any statistical analysis cannot be directly applied on these qualitative phenomenon. Statistical techniques may be applied indirectly by first reducing the qualitative expressions to accurate quantitative terms.

For example, the intelligence of a group of students can be studied on the basis of their marks in a particular examination.

LimitationsStatistics table may be misused. The use of

statistical tools by the inexperienced and untraced persons might lead to wrong conclusions.

Statistics does not give any specific importance to the individual items, in fact it deals with an aggregate of objects.

Distribution of Internal Marks will depend on the following:-

1)Attendance in class 2)Test (Surprise & regular)3) Assignments4)Presentation5)Viva6)Paper solving

Thank you