Theories of individual counseling by Areeba Wajid

Presenters Include; Ammar Zia Khan Amna Shafi Rafia Kulsoom Areeba Wajid (Group Leader) Rabia Sabir Zahra Najamuddin.

In this presentation each theory will include;

View Of

Human Nature

Role

Of A Counsel-

or

Techniques

Used By

Counselor

1. Individual Psychology

(Alfred Adler)

a. View of Human Nature

People are mainly motivated towards the feeling of belonging.

A person is as influenced by future goals as by past experiences.

Birth order of the children in the family influence many aspects of their personality development.

b. Role of the Counselor The counselor is as a diagnostician, teacher and

model.

Helps the client to explore conscious thoughts, beliefs and logic for behaviors that are not in the client’s best interest or social interest.

Examines the faulty logic and empower the client to take responsibility to change through a re-educational process.

c. Techniques Asking the Question, “how client’s life

would be different if they were well”?

Spiting in the client’s soup: the counselor points out the purpose of the client’s behavior.

Task setting: helping the client set short term goals to achieve long-term goals.

2. Gestalt’s Theory

(Fritz Perls)

a. View of Human Nature A Gestalt means a whole, and

Gestalt therapy is based on the person feeling “whole or complete” in their life.

Gestaltists are antideterministic because they believe that people have the ability to change and become responsible

b. Role of the Counselor

To encouraged the client to make choices based on the now as opposed to past.

Help the client resolve the past.

d. Techniques Exercises include activities such as: i. fantasy ii. role playing iii. psychodrama

Experiments are unplanned creative

interventions that grow out of the here-and-now interaction between the client and the counselor.

3. Reality Therapy

(William Glasser)

People act on a conscious level

Identity or a healthy sense of self

is necessary

Human learning is a lifelong

process

a. View of Human Nature

As a teacher and a model to the client.

Creates acceptance and warmth helping atmosphere.

Focuses on client’s behavior.

b. Role of the Counselor

Counselor uses confrontation and a system termed WDEP

W for want, D for doing, E for evaluate, P for plan.

d. Techniques

4. Psychoanalytic Theory

(Sigmund Freud)

a. View

of

Human

Nature

Conscious Mind Present Mind

Subconscious Mind Floating Mind

Unconscious Mind Buried Mind

b. Role of the Counselor

To encourage the client

Develops a sense of

safety and acceptance.

Allows the client to

freely explores difficult

experiences from their

past.

c. Techniques

Free Association is

a process where the

client verbalizes any thoughts that

may be without

censorship, even the

trivial ones.

Dream Analysis is a process where the counselor

interprets the obvious or manifest

content and the hidden

meanings of clients dreams.

Analysis of resistance is a process where the counselor

helps the client to gain insight

into what causes form the

basis for a hesitation or

halting of therapy.

Behavior Theory Of

Individual Counseling

(B. F. Skinner)

BEH

AVIO

R T

HEO

RY

OF

IND

IVID

UA

L C

OU

NSE

LIN

G

Human behavior is influenced by consequences. It strengthened when followed by reward and spoilt when followed by punishment.

Human behavior is controlled by internal factors and external factors as well such as the presence of significance Role models and other social rewards like praise and prizes.

Behavior is learnt in life individually, or by watching others learn, or by training or conditioning

a. View of Human Nature

THEY SERVE AS CONSULTANT ,A

REINFORCER AND A FACILITATOR

COUNCELLOR USING SOCIAL LEARNING MAY MODEL

DESIRE BEHAVIOR

RESPONDENT AND OPERANT CONDITIONING COUNSELOR ARE MORE DIRECTIVE AND

PERSPECTIVE

b. Role of the counselor

1 • REINFORCE BEHAVIOURS

2

• USES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING FOR POSITIVE BEHAVIORS

3

• USES OPERANT CONDITIONING TO MAINTAIN CLASSROOM DISCIPLINE.

d. Techniques

No one else can know

how we perceive, we are

the best experts on

ourselves.

(Gross)

Thank you..