Venus

凌日階段 時間 太陽方向/方位角/仰角

日出 5時37分 東北偏東/065°/0°

Ⅰ 凌始外切 6時11分 東北偏東/068°/6°

Ⅱ 凌始內切 6時29分 東北偏東/069°/10°

凌甚 9時31分 西北偏西/081°/51°

Ⅲ 凌終內切 12時31分 西北偏西/278°/88°

Ⅳ 凌終外切 12時48分 西北偏西/274°/84°

2012年6月6日 金星凌日

不按比例

注意選擇適當的觀測地點

罕有的金星凌日

• 1631 December 7 • 1639 December 4

• 1761 June 6 • 1769 June 4

• 1874 December 9 • 1882 December 6

• 2004 June 8 • 2012 June 6

• 2117 December 11

Last chance in your life!

121.5 years

105.5 years

121.5 years

105.5 years

行星與太陽平均距離 (以天文單位計算)

Copernicus Kepler 20th Century

Mercury 0.3763 0.389 0.387

Venus 0.7193 0.724 0.723

Earth 1.0000 1.000 1.000

Mars 1.5198 1.523 1.524

Jupiter 5.2192 5.200 5.202

Saturn 9.1743 9.510 9.539

1天文單位 (AU, Astronomical Unit) = 太陽與地球的距離

Parallax 視差

not to scale

Jeremiah Horrocks (1618 - 1641)

• British • predicted and

observed the transit of Venus on Dec 4, 1639

Captain Cook

The red dots represent expeditions of 1761 and 1769. Location: Expedition leader, Nationality 1 = Cape of Good Hope : Mason & Dixon, British (1761) 2 = St. Helena : Maskelyne, French (1761) 3 = Rodrigues Island : Pingré, French (1761) 4 = Tobolsk, Russia : Chappe, French (1761) 5 = St. John’s, Newfoundland : Winthrop, British (1761) 6 = Tahiti : Cook, British (1769) 7 = Pondicherry, India : Le Gentil, French (1769) 8 = Cabo San Lucas, Mexico : Chappe, French (1769) 9 = North Cape, Norway : Bayley, British (1769) 10 = Haiti : Pingré, French (1769) 11 = Hudson Bay, Canada : Dymond, British (1769)

The blue dots represent expeditions of 1874 and 1882. Location: Sponsoring nations 1 = Vladivostok, Russia : United States, Russia (1874) 2 = Nagasaki, Japan : United States (1874) 3 = Beijing, China : United States, Germany, Russia, France (1874) 4 = Kerguelen Island : United States, Britain, Germany (1874) 5 = Tasmania : United States (1874) 6 = New Zealand : United States (1874, 1882), Britain (1874) 7 = Chatham Island : United States (1874) 8 = Auckland Islands : Germany (1874) 9 = Mauritius : Britain, Germany (1874) 10 = Isfahan, Iran : Germany, Russia (1874) 11 = Cairo, Egypt : Britain, Russia (1874) 12 = Hawai’i : Britain (1874)

13 = Rodrigues Island : Britain (1874) 14 = St. Paul’s Island : France (1874) 15 = Campbell Island : France (1874) 16 = Yokohama, Japan : France, Mexico (1874) 17 = Calcutta, India : Italy (1874) 18 = Tashkent, Uzbekistan : Russia (1874) 19 = Reunion Island : Netherlands (1874) 20 = South Africa : United States, Britain (1882) 21 = Santa Cruz, Argentina : United States (1882) 22 = Santiago, Chile : United States (1882) 23 = Algeria : France (1882) 24 = South Georgia : Germany (1882)

Path of Venus 2004

Credit: Tunc Tezel

English “Planet” = wanderer

中文 「行星」

日本語 「惑星」

太白金星

太白，金星，名二實一。太白即金星。亦名啟明，長庚，明星。據《詩·小雅·大東》記載：「東有啟明，西有長庚。」「啟明，長庚皆金星也。」另據《史記·天官書》曰：「察日行以處位太白。」正義引《天官佔》雲：「太白者，西方金之精，白帝之子，上公，大將軍之像也。」 古時，以金星辰見於東方謂「啟明」，夕位於西方曰「長庚」，《詩經》上說：「東有啟明，西有長庚」。傳說太白金星主殺伐，古代詩文中多以比喻兵戎。 《西遊記》有太白金星（李長庚）奉玉皇大帝旨下界詔安孫悟空之說。

Credit: Stairways to the Stars, Anthony Aveni

• Position of

Venus night

after night at

the same time

each night

• Symbols at 2

week intervals

The pre-dawn Venus

East

The rising Sun

Credit: Stairways to the Stars, Anthony Aveni

The Dresden Codex : a Maya picture book produced in northern Yucatan about the 11th century

http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/codices/dresden.html

• Venus in a Maya sacred book. The five-page Venus Table on pages 46-50 of the Dresden Codex showing pictures of the Venus god flinging arrows and his events, dates, intervals, directions, and resulting omens.

• The Maya had a unique calendar system based on Venus

東大距

西大距

下合

上合 合

衝

內行星 vs 外行星

260 days --> 8 days --> 260 days --> 50 days A period of 584 days

Galileo's spyglass Galileo's spyglass

• At the beginning, the Dutch are

treating the scope as a kind of fun toy,

to spy the neighbor.

• Galileo improve the design. For a city

that depends on its sea trade as

Venice does, this invention seems

miraculous and very valuable.

Venus is large when in a crescent phase

Credit: David Cortner

http://youtu.be/oAD2WSr9VDA

Samuel Dunn (d. 1794) "A Determination of the exact Moments of Time when the Planet Venus was at external and internal contace with the Sun's Limb…,". Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London London: Lockyer Davis, 1771. Volume LX (1770)

050628 UT - First Contact 052010 UT - Geometrical Mid Transit

052727 UT - Contiguous Atmospheric Scattered-Light Arc

053309 UT - Atmosphere Brightens with Decreasing Limb Distance

053850 UT - SECOND CONTACT - PSF Broadening IS Seen

053924 UT - Clean Separation - The Trek Across the Photosphere Begins

http://nicmosis.as.arizona.edu:8000/ECLIPSE_WEB/TRANSIT_04/TRACE/TOV_TRACE.html

http://nicmosis.as.arizona.edu:8000/ECLIPSE_WEB/TRANSIT_04/TRACE/TOV_MOVIES/TOV_2004_INGRESS_RING_8BIT.mov

Drawings of Venus, made in 1882 by the British astronomer William Frederick Denning (1848-1931), and published in La Planete Venus by Camille Flammarion (1842–1925). This is a crescent Venus, with an attempt made here to show the change in the appearance of Venus over several days as the crescent waxes (from left to right). At the time, it was not known what the surface of Venus looked like. Now, it is known that Venus is covered in clouds and surface features are not visible.

Life on Venus?

Golden Press (1961)

太陽由西邊升起

渡日如年

Density: 53 times denser than our Earth

Atmospheric Pressure: 90 times higher than our Earth

Venera 金星號

USSR

The sister planet

UV image of Venus by Marnier 10

Venus 金星 Credit: NASA/JPL, Calvin J. Hamilton

Magellan

麥哲倫號

Credit: NASA/JPL

Credit: JPL/NASA/USGS

Credit: NASA/JPL

http://youtu.be/hq0SGG28EQs

Why the twins are so different?

Venus Express 金星特快號 ESA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oet63vzBvkg

凌日階段 時間 太陽方向/方位角/仰角

日出 5時37分 東北偏東/065°/0°

Ⅰ 凌始外切 6時11分 東北偏東/068°/6°

Ⅱ 凌始內切 6時29分 東北偏東/069°/10°

凌甚 9時31分 西北偏西/081°/51°

Ⅲ 凌終內切 12時31分 西北偏西/278°/88°

Ⅳ 凌終外切 12時48分 西北偏西/274°/84°

2012年6月6日 金星凌日

不按比例

注意選擇適當的觀測地點

講座系列

第一講：金星凌日的科學與歷史 日期：2012年5月13日(星期日) 講者：張師良先生（香港大學理學院科學導師）

時間：下午3時-4時30分 地點：香港太空館演講廳

第二講：金星凌日及日環食現象及觀測 日期：2012年5月20日(星期日) 講者：余惠俊先生（香港天文學會外務副會長）

第三講：金星 日期：2012年5月27日(星期日) 講者：張師良先生（香港大學理學院科學導師）

第四講：太陽系外的凌日現象 日期：2012年6月2日(星期六) 講者：李文愷博士（香港大學物理系副教授）

6月6日觀測活動 • 尖沙咀星光大道 • 06:00 - 13:00

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