Introduction to design engg

Introduction to Engineering

Human creativity

• The use of technology to make products and

systems for societal benefit.

Engineering as a “Thinking-Making” Activity

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What role of engineers in history?

• Irrigation and farming equipment, dam projects,

water and wind mills building construction,

• the Pyramids, the Great Wall, Leonardo’s

contraptions, the printing press, the Wright

brothers’ aircraft, fermented beverages, nuclear

power, the Space Shuttle, Tacoma Narrows Bridge,

electric appliances, petroleum products,

pharmaceuticals.

Historical Questions

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When did the engineering

disciplines begin?3000 BC Civil

1000 BC Military

AD 1700 Mechanical

AD 1800 Materials

Agricultural

Electrical

AD 1900 Chemical

Aerospace

AD 1950 Computer, Nuclear, Biochemical

Biomedical

Definition of Engineering

According to ABET, Engineering is:

“The profession in which a knowledge of the

mathematical and natural sciences gained by study,

experience, and practice is applied with judgment to

develop ways to utilize, economically, the material

forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

Engineering is a profession like medicine,

law, etc. that aspires to high standards of

conduct and recognizes its responsibility to

the general public.

Engineering and Science?

List some things you would

expect scientists to do

List some things you would

expect engineers to do

So, what do you

think?

Science

Engineering

Scientist - Like an engineer, but a primary

goal is the expansion of knowledge and

understanding physical processes.

Engineer - Applies knowledge of math and

the physical sciences to the efficient design

and construction of usable devices,

structures and processes.

Engineering and Science

“Both the engineer and scientist are thoroughly

educated in the mathematical and natural sciences, but

the scientist primarily uses this knowledge to acquire

new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies this

knowledge to design and develop usable devices,

structures and processes. In order words. The scientist

seeks to know, the engineer aims to do”.

-Eddie, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup, Engineering

Fundamentals and Problem Solving.

Engineering and Art

List some similarities between

artists and engineer

• Art and Engineering Drawings!

• Similarities

– Starts with a

blank page

– Visualization

– Ideas transmitted

from mind to

paper

• Differences

– Usually a

solution to a

‘problem’

– More logical

– Design is

actually created

Why Engineering Graphics?

An inevitable aspect of engineering design is

_________________________

To draw is to _____________

Engineering graphics is necessary for

1. Observation and analysis and of a

conceived design

2. Communication between teams

3. Communication with clients

Engineering Design

Identify the problem

Visualize and

document

possible solution

Select the best

design

parameters

Create and

analyze models

of conceived

solution

Implement and

document the

design

Fundamental Tenets of Engineering Design

Predictability:

The extent to which future performances or failures of a design

may be predicted based on knowledge of design parameters and

variables

Controllability:

Variability in achieving cost and performance objectives

Precision and Accuracy

Which of these is important in engineering?

Formulas in Engineering

•Define formulas in your own words

–Expressions that indicate the physical relationship between two variables/constants

•What are some of the functions of formulas

–Provide ideas for designs

–Motivate insightful thinking

–Indicate design limitations

Limitations of Formulas

1. They do not give any exact solutions

2. They do not define a particular “best” way

3. They cannot reflect an actual design

4. The cannot ensure absolute safety

5. They cannot ensure elegance

Engineering Activity

•Think of a problem that needs to be solved

physically

•Visualize design solutions

•Communicate your designs (include sketches)

•Select optimum design

Function of an engineer

Research - explore, discover and

apply new principles

Development - transform ideas or

concepts into production processes

Design - link the generation of ideas

and the production

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Production and testing - manufacture and

assemble components or products

Sales - market engineering products

Operations - maintain equipment and

facilities

Construction - prior to construction

organizes bids, during construction

supervises certain components of process

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Management - optimize the use of resources

(equipment, labor, finances)

Education - teach engineering principles in

university and industrial settings

Consulting - provide specialized engineering

services the clients. May work alone or in

partnership other engineers.

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Career Paths for Engineers

There are at least seven career options for graduating engineering students:

1) Corporate leader

2) Independent entrepreneur

3) Military or government

4) Engineering and social service aboard

5) Professor/engineer

6) Graduate work outside engineering

7) A mix of first six options

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Engineering as a Profession

Involves activities that require knowledge and skill

not commonly possessed by the general public.

Has group consciousness for the promotion of

knowledge and professional ideas and for rendering

social services.

Has a legal status and requires well-formulated

standards of admission.

Process of Engineering

Think

Sketch

Make

Show

Think

Sketch

Make

Show

Analysi

s Physics

Chemistry

Biology

Economy

Environmental

Ethics

Use Use

Math

Law

Politics

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Brainstorming

Rule : There are

no stupid ideas in

a brainstorm

Process of Engineering

Need

Analysis of Problem

Statement of Problem

Conceptual Design

Selected Schemes

Embodiment of Schemes

Detailing

Working drawings, etc..

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What is a product or process?Object produced, substance, material, arrangement,

service, step sequence, manufactured good,transformation of something, system, organization.

Example 1 : Water bottle made of biodegradableplastic

Example 2 : Biorefinery for ethanol productionfrom biomass

Example 3 : Bio-repellant coatings

Example 4 : Flood control structures

Example 5: Contaminant/pollutant removalsystems

Example 6: Structures for wildlife migration

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Examples in bio-based products

Materials and Chemicals

- Wood

- Wood-based

- Paper

- Biodiesel fuel

- Bio-based plastics

- Biodegradable plastics (e.g. drink bottles)

- Ethanol (bio-based)

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Examples in bioprocessing

Utilization of living cells or their components to obtain

desired products

- Ethanol fermentation from corn

- Antibody production via fungal fermentation

- Anaerobic digestion to treat wastewater

- Biodegradable plastics (e.g. PLA) production from corn

- Enzymatic hydrolysis to produce sugar from cellulose

-

-

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What is engineering design?

• Engineering design is the set of decision-making

processes and activities used determine the form of an

object given the functions desired by the customer.

(Gov of MA)

• Engineering design is the process of devising a system,

component, or process to meet desired needs.

• It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in

which the basic science and mathematics and

engineering sciences are applied to convert resources

optimally to meet a stated objective.

• Among the fundamental elements of the design process

are the establishment of objectives and criteria,

synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation.

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Context of Design Historical

Precedents

Ideal Society

Projections

Cosmological

Global

Regional

State

City

Ward

House

Person

Bodypart

Organ

Cell

Organelle

Molecular

Atomic

Government

Commercial

Industry

Military

Non-profit NGO’s

Biology

Chemistry

Physics

MathematicsFamily

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Product Design

• New products are critical for corporate

prosperity

• Approximately 33% of revenues come from

products that did not sell 5 years ago

• Successful new products are profitable– Median achieve 33% ROI or better

– Median have payback of 2 years or less

– Median achieve market share of 35%

• Significant R&D expenditures and

investment

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Manufacturing of Chemical Products

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Process Engineering Design

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Environmental Design

• Changing human needs mean the need

for the design of new infrastructures

• Design with a focus on natural processes

• Designs should mimic nature – i.e., self-

adaptive, self-sustaining, and resilient

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Engineering Design vs Engineering Analysis

• Engineering analysis: Predicted behavior is the solution to

an analysis problem

– Formulating

– Solving

– Checking

• Engineering design:

– Formulating

– Generating

– Analyzing

– Evaluating

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Design Step

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Process of Engineering

[ SSL (2004) ]

Map

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Process of Engineering (cont.)

Map

[ SSL (2004) ]

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Issues in design

Utility and cost

Single and multi-functionality

Batch or mass production

Patents

Aesthetics

Integrity of product (wholeness)

Whole life-cycle planning

Health effects and safety

Recycling and disposal

End of product life and replacement issues

Failure modes

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Ethical issues design

Philosophical and practical ethics

Codes of Ethics

- Health and welfare of humans and nature

- Informing client/employers of consequences

- Statements and information in truthful manner

- Treating people fairly (avoiding conflict of interest)

- Limits of professional competence

- Building professional reputations according to merits

- Continuing professional development

- Issues with intellectual property.

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Issues

• Life systems preservation

• Maintenance of quality of life

• Maintaining high standards of personal and professional conduct

• Managing intra-professional customs, identifiers, habits, and limits.

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Economic analysis

What is the relevance of economic analysis to design?

Economic assumption : Measure of value is “monetary”

Process cost in context of the company

Reporting costs, financial status, and transactions.

Value today, value tomorrow.

Material cost, labour cost, indirect cost

Manufacturing cost, storage cost, transport cost

Product cost scaling and correction factors

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Statistical analysis

What relevance is statistics to design?

Statistical focus : “The one and the many”

Measures of central tendency

Measures of variation

Probability

Uncertainty analysis

Linear regression

Six sigma quality concept

Optimization and development of designs

Statistics in process control for quality

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THANK YOU

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